Objectives	To describe modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for cancer and understand the underlying behavioural, biologic, and genetic mechanisms associated with risk To be able to discuss clinical and non-clinical strategies through which cancer risks can be modified
Key Concepts	Recognise family history patterns indicative of hereditary cancer syndromes Define modifiable cancer risk factors (eg, obesity, alcohol use, tobacco use, sun exposure, viral infections, air pollution) and discuss prevalence and trends worldwide Explain burden of cancer attributable to genetic risk and recognise appropriate screening and prevention measures for individuals identified with genetic predisposition to cancer Explain the burden of cancer attributable to modifiable risk factors overall and at specific anatomical sites (eg, breast, oesophagus, pancreas, kidney, intestine, uterus, ovary, gallbladder, stomach, brain, liver, blood, and thyroid), including prevalence and strength of association for each site Explain behavioural, biologic, environmental and genetic factors associated with weight gain, excess fat accumulation and obesity, and their societal, communal and individual consequences Recognise disparities in cancer risk between and within individuals with obesity Explain pathways, mechanisms, and alterations through which obesity, alcohol, and tobacco use support tumour growth Explain lifestyle modifications and preventive interventions (eg, medications, surgeries, diet, physical activity) and their impact on cancer incidence Define metabolically healthy obese phenotype and its risk for developing cancer Describe new areas of research and emerging hypotheses exploring lifestyle and environmental factors associated with cancer risk
Skills	Demonstrate the ability to: Communicate cancer population-wide and regional statistics appropriate to individual patients Evaluate a family history and refer for cancer genetic testing as appropriate Distinguish modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with cancer, and explain burden of disease attributable to modifiable risk factors Apply and integrate scientific knowledge regarding modifiable cancer risk factors into clinical practice and patient counselling Explain and advise behaviour modification and other cancer prevention measures, including chemoprevention and risk-reducing surgery, where appropriate Counsel patients at genetic risk regarding appropriate screening and prevention measures