Table 1.

Health equity frameworks included in analysis of social determinants of health and individual factors.

Framework	Description	Citation(s)
A Public Health Framework for Reducing Health Inequities	Depicts the relationship between social inequalities and health, with a specific focus on inequities related to social, institutional, and living conditions.	National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2016
Community Stress Theory	Stressors, such as issues related to inequality, can weaken the body’s ability to respond to external challenges.	Gee & Payne-Sturges, 2004
Dahlgren and Whitehead Model	Maps the influence of individual (e.g., lifestyle factors) and environmental factors (e.g., community influences, living and working conditions, etc.) on health.	de Lima Silva et al., 2014; Driscoll et al., 2013
Dimensions of Food Security (Food and Agricultural Organization)	Measures the availability of food and an individual’s ability to access it through the following four dimensions: (1) availability, (2) access, (3) utilization, and (4) stability.	Bowers et al., 2020
Environmental Determinants of Health	Environmental determinants include the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person and their impact on health (e.g., sanitation, exposure to toxins, climate change, pollution, etc.).	Salgado et al., 2020
Equity-Effectiveness Model	The effectiveness of community-level interventions decreases along a set of parameters which measures access to, and quality of, care.	Nooh et al., 2019
Expansive Gender Equity Continuum	Expands upon previous gender equity models that define equity on a continuum from gender unequal to gender transformative, by including a broader definition of gender identity ranging from exclusive (i.e., only considers cisgender identities) to gender inclusive (i.e., considers people of all gender identities, including trans people and nonbinary individuals).	Restar et al., 2021
Framework for Understanding Racial/ethnic Disparities in Environmental Health	Health disparities are partially caused by differential access to resources and exposures to hazards and can be grouped into four categories: (1) social processes, (2) environmental contaminants/exposures, (3) body burdens of environmental contaminants, and (4) health outcomes.	Payne-Sturges & Gee, 2006
Fundamental Cause Model	Examines the relationship between socioeconomic inequalities and health; the ability to control disease/death is influenced by access to fundamental resources (e.g., knowledge, money, power, prestige, and beneficial social connections).	Tulier et al., 2019; Diez Roux, 2012
Health Equity Framework	Outlines how health outcomes are influenced by complex interactions between people and their environments and centers around three foundational concepts: (1) equity at the core of health outcomes; (2) multiple, interacting spheres of influence; and a (3) historical and life-course perspective.	Peterson et al., 2021
Health Equity Measurement Framework	Comprehensive model that describes the social determinants of health in a causal context and can be used to measure and monitor health equity; includes an expansive list of social determinants of health, such as the socioeconomic, cultural, and political context, health policy context, social stratification, social location, material and social circumstances, environment, quality of care, etc.	Dover & Belon, 2019
Health in All Policies	Health in All Policies HiAP) is a collaborative approach that integrates and articulates health considerations into policymaking across sectors to improve the health of all communities and people. HiAP recognizes that health is created by a multitude of factors beyond healthcare and, in many cases, beyond the scope of traditional public health activities.	Lorenc et al., 2014
Healthy People (2020 and 2030)	Provides science-based, national objectives each decade dedicated to improving the health of all Americans. Healthy People 2020 developed a framework that organized the social determinants of health into five key domains: (1) Economic Stability, (2) Education, (3) Health and Health Care, (4) Neighborhood and Built Environment, and (5) Social and Community Context. Healthy People 2030 established a framework to describe the initiative’s rationale and approach, including its vision, mission, foundational principles, plan of action, and overarching goals (new objectives are underway).	Welch et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2020; Mohan and Chattopadhyay, 2020; Sokol et al., 2019; Min et al., 2022; Yelton et al., 2022, Maness & Buhi, 2016; Abbott and Williams, 2015
Interaction Model	Emphasizes the interaction between genes and their environment, such that individuals with different genotypes experience differential effects of environmental exposures and disease risk.	Diez Roux, 2012
Life Course Approach	Applies a temporal and social perspective to analyze people’s lives within social, economic, and cultural contexts across different generations to understand current patterns of health and disease.	Taggart et al., 2020
Multi-level Systems Approach	Focuses on individuals within broader contexts, such as within neighborhoods or communities, who may share similar characteristics and therefore may experience similar health outcomes.	Payne-Sturges et al., 2006a
Pathways Model	This model aims to reduce health and social disparities in communities by connecting high-risk individuals to care and tracking the associated outcomes.	Diez Roux, 2012
Policy-oriented Approach	Analysis of patterns and trends of social inequalities in health over time and their determinants, with a specific focus on inequalities that are commonly viewed as unjust and avoidable.	Braveman, 1998
PROGRESS/PROGRESS Plus	Acronym used to identify dimensions across which health inequities may occur, specifically, place of residence; race/ethnicity /culture/language; occupation; gender/sex; religion; education; socioeconomic status; and social capital.	Turnbull et al., 2020; Chhibber et al., 2021; Schröders et al., 2015; Lehne & Bolte, 2017; Schüz et al., 2021; Campos-Matos et al., 2016; Aves et al., 2017; Welch et al., 2022; Morton et al., 2016; Buttazzoni et al., 2020; Brown et al., 2017a; Brown et al., 2017b; Ahmed et al., 2022; Cohn & Harrison; 2022
Psychosocial Stress Model	Health disparities arise from the stresses associated with institutional and interpersonal racism.	Dressler et al., 2005
Rural Community Health & Well-Being Framework	Identifies key drivers (i.e., social, economic, and environmental factors) that influence health in rural communities and includes additional categories of important factors highlighted by rural residents.	National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2016
Social and Cultural Determinants of Mental Disorders	Conceptual framework to understand how social determinants interact with key genetic determinants to influence mental disorders.	Lund et al., 2018
Social and Demographic Determinants of Health-related Quality of Life (QoL)	An individual’s overall sense of wellbeing including aspects of happiness, satisfaction of life, and physical, mental, psychological, and social perceptions.	Ghiasvand et al., 2020
Social Determinants of Child Health (SDCH)	Examines how social determinants impact child health across time and generations through distal social factors such as poverty, material deprivation, and social inequalities.	Rajmil et al., 2020
Social-Ecological Model	Theory-based framework for understanding how social and structural determinants influence health and wellbeing.	Habbab & Bhutta, 2020, Yiga et al., 2020, Pereira et al., 2019, Reno & Hyder, 2018, Greenbaum et al., 2018, Christidis et al., 2021, Allen et al., 2020, Karger et al., 2022, Taylor & Lamaro Haintz, 2018
Socioeconomic Status Model	Emphasizes that race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) are related, such that certain race/ethnicity groups are disproportionately represented in lower SES groups.	Dressler et al., 2005
Stress-Exposure Disease Framework	Conceptual framework that outlines the relationships between race, environmental conditions, and health.	Gee & Payne-Sturges, 2004; Payne-Sturges et al., 2006b
Structural-Constructivist Model	Integrates a dual perspective focused on (1) socially constructed cognitive representations within a society and (2) external factors that restrict individuals, specifically social relationships, and expectations of others (e.g., race, as a concept, is socially or culturally constructed).	Dressler et al., 2005
The Frieden Framework	Five-tier pyramid for improving public health; the base of the pyramid includes (1) interventions that impact social determinants of health (e. g., poverty, education), followed by (2) interventions that benefit the general population (e. g., fluoridated water), (3) interventions that help large segments of the population (e.g., immunizations), (4) clinical interventions for the prevention of certain conditions (e.g., cardiovascular disease), and (5) health education interventions (i.e., most labor-intensive and potentially lowest impact).	National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2016
Three Levels of Racism Framework	Theoretical framework for understanding racial health inequities and developing effective interventions to reduce inequities on three distinct levels: (1) institutionalized, (2) personally mediated, and (3) internalized.	Chandler et al., 2022
Warnecke’s Model for Analysis of Population Health and Disparities	Defines factors impacting health disparities as proximal, intermediate, or distal and focuses on individual-level outcomes as they relate to specific determinants (i.e., social conditions and policies, institutional context, social context, and physical context).	Zahnd & McLafferty, 2017
Weathering Hypothesis	Proposes that cumulative exposure to social, economic, and political disadvantage leads to rapid decline in physical health.	Forde et al., 2019
World Health Organization (WHO) Conceptual Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) Framework	Outlines how social, economic, and political factors (e.g., income, education, occupation, gender, race, and ethnicity) impact an individual’s socioeconomic position, which, in turn, influences their vulnerability and exposure to health conditions.	Chen et al., 2020, Bhojani et al., 2019; Dover & Belon, 2019; Wang et al., 2020; Allen et al., 2020; Armstead et al., 2021; Batista et al., 2018; Owusu-Addo et al., 2016; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2016; Min et al., 2022
WHO International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) model	In-depth classification of holistic components of functioning, disability, and health-related domains.	Malele-Kolisa et al., 2019
WHO Social, Political, Economic and Cultural (SPEC) conceptual model	Explains social exclusions as a process rather than a state operating along different dimensions and individual, regional, and global levels.	van Hees et al., 2019