. 2023 Oct 4;30(1):16–36. doi: 10.3350/cmh.2023.0315

Table 1.

Summary of the effects of pharmaceutical interventions on liver and CV outcomes in MAFLD patients

Treatment	Liver effects	CV effects
Vit. E	Improve steatosis, ballooning hepatocyte, and inflammation in non-T2DM patients; but not improve fibrosis	May increase risk of heart failure in T2DM patients
Obeticholic acid	Improved liver fibrosis without worsening NASH in patients with F2/F3 fibrosis.	Little in changes the risk of cardiovascular event.
Obeticholic acid	Safety concern	Little in changes the risk of cardiovascular event.
Statin	No benefits or harm	Prevent cardiovascular risk
Metformin	Not improve fibrosis
Pioglitazone	Decrease content of hepatic fat and improve parameters of NASH in T2DM or non-T2DM	Reduces event of cardiovascular disease in T2DM and NASH
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists	Effective of improving hepatic steatosis and liver enzymes for NAFLD patients.	Beneficial effects on renal and cardiovascular complications in T2DM patients
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists	Efficacy in fibrosis regression needs study.
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors	Positive effects on hepatic steatosis in T2DM and NAFLD	Offer significant cardiometabolic and renal protection
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors	Role of regression of hepatic fibrosis needs investigation	Offer significant cardiometabolic and renal protection
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors	Not reduce hepatic steatosis or fibrosis in overweight T2DM	Lowering cardiovascular diseases incidence in T2DM patients

CV, cardiovascular; MAFLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease; Vit, vitamin; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.