TABLE 1.
Basal anthropometric, respiratory, cardiovascular, autonomic, and metabolic characteristics of swimmers compared to control participants at rest condition.
| Control (n = 12) | Swimmers (n = 12) | |
|---|---|---|
| Respiratory | ||
| R f (breaths/min) | 14.66 ± 2.92 | 15.75 ± 3.64 |
| V T (mL) | 638 ± 195 | 624 ± 126 |
| V E (L/min) | 8.84 ± 1.97 | 9.15 ± 2.40 |
| VO2 (mL/min) | 312.00 ± 56.63 | 313.65 ± 81.63 |
| VCO2 (mL/min) | 263.00 ± 52.30 | 255.52 ± 57.00 |
| RQ | 0.85 ± 0.08 | 0.83 ± 0.10 |
| O2exp (mL) | 102.79 ± 32.81 | 102.61 ± 23.23 |
| CO2exp (mL) | 27.36 ± 8.51 | 24.67 ± 5.19 |
| PetO2 (mmHg) | 97.98 ± 4.89 | 94.44 ± 19.02 |
| PetCO2 (mmHg) | 36.72 ± 2.77 | 34.66 ± 2.99 |
| FiO2 (%) | 20.46 ± 0.19 | 20.60 ± 0.22 |
| FiCO2 (%) | 0.37 ± 0.11 | 0.19 ± 0.07* |
| SpO2 (%) | 97.54 ± 1.27 | 97.56 ± 0.81 |
| T I (s) | 3.20 ± 5.08 | 1.80 ± 0.46 |
| T E (s) | 2.51 ± 0.59 | 2.30 ± 0.66* |
| T TOT (s) | 5.71 ± 4.99 | 4.10 ± 1.11 |
| Cardiovascular | ||
| HR (beats/min) | 64.69 ± 10.09 | 70.69 ± 9.93 |
| R‐R (s) | 956.54 ± 152.18 | 870.88 ± 117.18 |
| Heart rate variability (HRV) | ||
| LF (n.u.) | 25.58 ± 16.98 | 24.67 ± 9.39 |
| HF (n.u.) | 72.10 ± 15.63 | 74.14 ± 13.10 |
| LF/HF | 0.43 ± 0.40 | 0.40 ± 0.40 |
| Metabolic | ||
| RMR (kcal/day) | 1986.62 ± 332.06 | 2277.00 ± 339.65* |
| FAT (%) | 51.94 ± 24.09 | 68.53 ± 16.88 |
| CHO (%) | 48.06 ± 24.09 | 28.98 ± 10.94* |
Note: Values are means ± SD. Data with non‐normal distribution were analyzed using nonparametric Mann–Whitney test. Data with normal distribution were analyzed using a parametric unpaired t‐test.
Abbreviations: CHO, relative to RMR carbohydrates oxidation; FAT, relative to RMR fat oxidation; FiCO2, concentration of inspired carbon dioxide; FiO2, concentration of inspired oxygen; HF, high‐frequency component of HRV; HR, heart rate; LF, low‐frequency component of HRV; PetCO2, end‐tidal CO2 pressure; PetO2, end‐tidal oxygen pressure; R f, respiratory frequency; RMR, resting metabolic rate; RQ, respiratory quotient; R‐R, time between ECG peak R; SpO2, oxygen saturation; T E, expiratory time; T I, inspiratory time; T TOT, total time of one breath; VCO2, carbon dioxide production; V E, ventilation; VO2, oxygen uptake; V T, tidal volume.
p < 0.05 versus control group.