Extended Data Fig. 5. Evaluations of FDR (mdFDR) and power in identifying DA taxa in (a) a random intercept model, and (b) a random coefficients model.

Synthetic datasets were generated using the PLN model¹⁸ based on the mean and covariance estimated from the QMP dataset²³. The X-axis shows the sample size per group, and the Y-axis shows the FDR (mdFDR) or power. Each panel title designates the proportion of true DA taxa. The depicted metrics represent mean values ± standard errors (indicated by error bars) derived from 100 simulation runs for each setting. The outcomes accentuate that, when integrated with the SS filter, ANCOM-BC2 effectively moderates FDR (mdFDR) while retaining power parallel to its performance without the SS filter. In the absence of the SS filter, ANCOM-BC2 surpasses LinDA and LMM-CLR in maintaining consistently low FDR and equivalent power.