Table 2:
Odds ratios (95% CI) for the association between diagnosis and presence of individual neuropsychiatric symptoms.
| Crude ORs (95% CI) |
Model 1 ORs (95% CI) |
Model 2 ORs (95% CI) |
Model 3 ORs (95% CI) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delusions | Control | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Parkinsonism | 1.71 (1.31– 2.20) | 1.43 (1.09– 1.86) | 1.43 (1.09– 1.86) | 1.42 (1.07– 1.84) | |
| Dementia | 5.43 (4.56– 6.46) | 4.58 (3.78– 5.54) | 4.44 (3.65– 5.39) | 4.59 (3.77– 5.58) | |
| Parkinsonism and dementia | 5.21 (3.79– 7.05) | 4.03 (2.85– 5.61) | 4.12 (2.91– 5.76) | 4.03 (2.84– 5.65) | |
| Hallucinations | Control | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Parkinsonism | 2.10 (1.45– 2.95) | 1.71 (1.17– 2.42) | 1.63 (1.11– 2.32) | 1.58 (1.07– 2.25) | |
| Dementia | 8.51 (6.87–10.52) | 6.91 (5.44– 8.75) | 6.77 (5.31– 8.61) | 6.97 (5.46– 8.88) | |
| Parkinsonism and dementia | 12.51 (8.99–17.21) | 10.06 (7.01–14.26) | 10.34 (7.18–14.73) | 10.15 (7.04–14.48) | |
| Agitation/aggression | Control | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Parkinsonism | 1.26 (1.04– 1.52) | 1.03 (0.84– 1.25) | 1.03 (0.84– 1.25) | 1.01 (0.82– 1.23) | |
| Dementia | 2.82 (2.43– 3.27) | 2.37 (2.01– 2.77) | 2.34 (1.99– 2.75) | 2.35 (1.99– 2.78) | |
| Parkinsonism and dementia | 2.88 (2.19– 3.78) | 2.17 (1.62– 2.90) | 2.20 (1.63– 2.94) | 2.08 (1.53– 2.80) | |
| Depression | Control | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Parkinsonism | 1.57 (1.34– 1.85) | 1.44 (1.22– 1.70) | 1.44 (1.22– 1.71) | 1.45 (1.22– 1.71) | |
| Dementia | 1.82 (1.58– 2.11) | 1.76 (1.51– 2.06) | 1.70 (1.45– 1.99) | 1.70 (1.45– 1.99) | |
| Parkinsonism and dementia | 2.66 (2.05– 3.47) | 2.53 (1.91– 3.36) | 2.46 (1.85– 3.26) | 2.46 (1.85– 3.28) | |
| Anxiety | Control | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Parkinsonism | 1.96 (1.63– 2.34) | 1.80 (1.49– 2.16) | 1.84 (1.52– 2.22) | 1.86 (1.53– 2.24) | |
| Dementia | 2.92 (2.50– 3.40) | 2.91 (2.46– 3.43) | 2.83 (2.39– 3.35) | 2.75 (2.32– 3.26) | |
| Parkinsonism and dementia | 2.92 (2.19– 3.86) | 2.82 (2.08– 3.79) | 2.72 (2.00– 3.67) | 2.69 (1.97– 3.63) | |
| Elation/euphoria | Control | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Parkinsonism | 1.73 (1.17– 2.48) | 1.58 (1.06– 2.29) | 1.53 (1.02– 2.23) | 1.44 (0.95– 2.11) | |
| Dementia | 3.41 (2.59– 4.44) | 3.36 (2.48– 4.50) | 3.40 (2.50– 4.58) | 3.65 (2.67– 4.96) | |
| Parkinsonism and dementia | 4.02 (2.51– 6.17) | 3.90 (2.33– 6.24) | 4.20 (2.50– 6.75) | 3.88 (2.28– 6.32) | |
| Apathy/indifference | Control | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Parkinsonism | 1.44 (1.09– 1.86) | 1.26 (0.96– 1.65) | 1.24 (0.94– 1.62) | 1.21 (0.91– 1.58) | |
| Dementia | 5.18 (4.37– 6.14) | 4.92 (4.08– 5.93) | 4.87 (4.03– 5.89) | 5.12 (4.22– 6.20) | |
| Parkinsonism and dementia | 9.43 (7.14–12.40) | 7.81 (5.76–10.55) | 7.94 (5.84–10.76) | 7.85 (5.76–10.67) | |
| Disinhibition | Control | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Parkinsonism | 1.21 (0.91– 1.59) | 1.11 (0.82– 1.46) | 1.09 (0.81– 1.44) | 1.06 (0.78– 1.42) | |
| Dementia | 3.36 (2.78– 4.03) | 3.33 (2.71– 4.07) | 3.17 (2.58– 3.88) | 3.69 (2.98– 4.56) | |
| Parkinsonism and dementia | 3.82 (2.75– 5.23) | 3.41 (2.37– 4.81) | 3.36 (2.33– 4.75) | 3.65 (2.50– 5.24) | |
| Irritability/lability | Control | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Parkinsonism | 1.50 (1.27– 1.78) | 1.36 (1.14– 1.62) | 1.37 (1.15– 1.64) | 1.38 (1.15– 1.65) | |
| Dementia | 2.28 (1.97– 2.64) | 2.30 (1.96– 2.69) | 2.19 (1.86– 2.57) | 2.19 (1.86– 2.57) | |
| Parkinsonism and dementia | 2.53 (1.93– 3.31) | 2.42 (1.81– 3.22) | 2.34 (1.75– 3.12) | 2.32 (1.73– 3.09) | |
| Aberrant motor behavior | Control | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Parkinsonism | 1.72 (1.20– 2.40) | 1.41 (0.98– 1.99) | 1.36 (0.93– 1.92) | 1.27 (0.87– 1.81) | |
| Dementia | 9.86 (8.13–11.93) | 8.30 (6.70–10.26) | 8.37 (6.74–10.38) | 9.30 (7.44–11.62) | |
| Parkinsonism and dementia | 13.15 (9.67–17.72) | 9.74 (6.92–13.57) | 10.17 (7.21–14.22) | 10.19 (7.16–14.37) | |
| Nighttime behaviors | Control | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Parkinsonism | 1.69 (1.43– 1.99) | 1.46 (1.23– 1.74) | 1.46 (1.22– 1.73) | 1.45 (1.21– 1.73) | |
| Dementia | 2.19 (1.89– 2.53) | 2.01 (1.71– 2.35) | 1.91 (1.63– 2.25) | 1.97 (1.68– 2.32) | |
| Parkinsonism and dementia | 2.49 (1.91– 3.25) | 2.08 (1.56– 2.77) | 2.03 (1.51– 2.71) | 1.95 (1.44– 2.61) | |
| Appetite/eating | Control | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Parkinsonism | 1.71 (1.40– 2.07) | 1.44 (1.18– 1.76) | 1.45 (1.18– 1.78) | 1.39 (1.12– 1.71) | |
| Dementia | 2.38 (2.01– 2.80) | 2.11 (1.76– 2.52) | 2.06 (1.71– 2.46) | 2.25 (1.87– 2.71) | |
| Parkinsonism and dementia | 3.14 (2.35– 4.16) | 2.60 (1.90– 3.53) | 2.62 (1.91– 3.56) | 2.58 (1.87– 3.54) |
Logistic regression model adjustments: Model 1 = age, sex, education level, and number of physical illnesses (0, 1, 2, or 3+); Model 2 = Model 1 + carer age, carer sex, carer education, and carer relationship; Model 3 = Model 2 + country of residence