TABLE 1.
Study characteristics and results of population-based observational studies on the association between dietary nitrate intake and cardiovascular disease outcomes
| First author | Year | Number of participants | Population/cohort | Follow-up length | Comparator | Outcome | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Z. Bahadoran [91] | 2016 | 2799 | Adults (≥20 y old) Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study |
5.8 y | Lowest (<6.04 mg/d) vs. highest (≥12.7 mg/d) tertile | Incident HTN and CKD | Dietary nitrate: no association with HTN or CKD Dietary nitrite: OR 0.58 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.98) for HTN; OR 0.50 (95% CI: 0.24, 0.89) for CKD |
| L. Blekkenhorst [92] | 2017 | 1226 | Older adults (70–85 y old) | 15 y | 1-SD increase from the mean (67.0 ± 29.2 mg/d) | ASVD and all-cause mortality | ASVD mortality: HR 0.79 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.93; P = 0.004) All-cause mortality: HR 0.87 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.97; P = 0.011) |
| J. Jackson [93] | 2019 | 62,535 | Female adults (30–55 y old) Nurses’ Health Study |
26 y | Lowest (<86 mg/d) vs. highest (>195 mg/d) quintile | CHD risk | RR 0.91 (95% CI: 0.80, 1.04; P = 0.27) |
| A. Liu [94] | 2019 | 2229 | Adults (≥49 y old) Blue Mountains Eye Study |
14 y | Lowest (<69.5 mg/d) vs. highest (>137.8 mg) quartile | CVD mortality | HR 0.63 (95% CI: 0.41, 0.95) |
| C. Bondonno [95] | 2021 | 53,150 | Adults (≥49 y old) Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study |
23 y | Lowest (median intake: 23 mg/d) vs. highest (median intake: 141 mg/d) quintile | BP and CVD risk | SBP: −2.58 mmHg (95% CI: −3.12 to −2.05 mmHg) DBP: −1.38 mmHg (95% CI: −1.66 to −1.10 mmHg) CVD risk: HR 0.86 (95% CI: 0.82, 0.91) |
Abbreviations: ASVD, atherosclerotic vascular disease; BP, blood pressure; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, hazard ratio; HTN, hypertension; RR, risk ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure.