Table I.
Function and mechanism of exosomal circRNAs in gastrointestinal cancer.
| Cancer type | CircRNA | CircBase ID | Function | Mechanism | (Refs.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GC | CircRELL1 | Hsa_circ_0001400 | Modulating progression | MiRNA sponge for miR-637 | (82) |
| GC | CircNEK9 | Hsa_circ_0032683 | Accelerating the progression | Regulating miR-409-3p/MAP7 axis | (83) |
| CRC | Hsa_circRNA_001046 | Hsa_circ_0000395 | Promoting the progression | Elevating MYH9 expression by sequestering miR-432-5p | (84) |
| CRC | CircCOG2 | Hsa_circ_0016866 | Promoting the progression | Regulating miR-1305/TGF-β2/SMAD3 pathway | (85) |
| GC | Circ-RanGAP1 | Hsa_circ_0063526 | Facilitate invasion and metastasis | MiRNA sponge for miR-877-3p to regulate VEGFA expression | (86) |
| GC | CircNHSL1 | Hsa_circ_0006835 | Impeded migration, invasion, and glutaminolysis | Regulating miR-149-5p/YWHAZ axis | (87) |
| GC | Hsa_circ_0000437 | Hsa_circ_0000437 | Regulating proliferation, invasion, migration and apoptosis | Targeting SRSF3 and inhibiting PDCD4 | (88) |
| CRC | CircLONP2 | Hsa_circ_0008558 | Enhancing invasion and metastasis | Modulating the maturation and exosomal dissemination of miRNA-17 | (89) |
| CRC | CircTUBGCP4 | Hsa_circ_0101501 | Promoting vascular endothelial cell tipping and tumor metastasis | Activating Akt signaling pathway | (90) |
| CRC | Circ_FMN2 | Hsa_circ_0005100 | Regulating the proliferation, metastasis and apoptosis | Regulating miR-338-3p/MSI1 axis | (91) |
| GC | Circ670 | Hsa_circ_0000670 | Promoting the spheroidizing ability, stemness genes expression and EMT | Inducing the expression of circ670 | (95) |
| CRC | CircCOL1A2 | Hsa_circ_0081069 | Inhibiting proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT | Regulating miR-665/LASP1 signal axis | (96) |
| CRC | Circ-ABCC1 | Hsa_circ_0000677 | Regulating stemness and metastasis | Carrying circ-ABCC1 by exosomes from CD133 cells | (97) |
| GC | Circ_0001190 | Hsa_circ_0001190 | Inhibiting proliferation and angiogenesis | Regulating miR-586/SOSTDC1 axis | (98) |
| CRC | CircFNDC3B | Hsa_circ_0006156 | Regulating growth, metastasis and angiogenesis | Sequestrating miR-937-5p to derepress TIMP3 | (99) |
| GC | Hsa_circ_0017252 | Hsa_circ_0017252 | Attenuating progression | Suppressing macrophage M2-like polarization | (100) |
| CRC | CircPACRGL | Has_circ_0069313 | Promoting differentiation of N1 to N2 neutrophils | Regulating miR-142-3p/miR-506-3p-TGF-β1 axis | (101) |
| GC | Circ_0008253 | Hsa_circ_0008253 | Enhancing OXA resistance | Transferring from tumor-associated macrophage to gastric carcinoma cells | (103) |
| GC | Circ_0091741 | Hsa_circ_0091741 | Promoting cell autophagy and chemoresistance | Regulating miR-330-3p/TRIM14/Dvl2/Wnt/β-catenin axis | (104) |
| GC | Circ_0063526 | Hsa_circ_0063526 | Enhancing cisplatin resistance | Regulating the miR-449a/SHMT2 axis | (105) |
| GC | Circ-PVT1 | Has_circ_0009143 | Enhancing cisplatin resistance | Regulating miR-30a-5p/YAP1 axis | (106) |
| CRC | CircATG4B | Hsa_circ_0007159 | Inducing oxaliplatin Resistance | Promoting autophagy | (107) |
| CRC | Circ_0006174 | Hsa_circ_0006174 | Contributing to the chemoresistance of doxorubicin | Depending on the miR-1205/CCND2 axis | (108) |
| CRC | CiRS-122 | Hsa_circ_0005963 | Inducing chemoresistance | Regulating miR-122-PKM2 axis | (109) |
| CRC | Circ_0000338 | Hsa_circ_0000338 | Enhancing 5-fluorouracil resistance | Regulating miR-217 and miR-485-3p | (110) |
GC, gastric cancer; CRC, colorectal cancer; circRNA, circular RNA; MAP7, microtubule-associated protein 7; MYH9, myosin heavy chain 9; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; SMAD3, recombinant SMAD family member 3; VEGFA, vascular endothelial growth factor A; YWHAZ, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein zeta; SRSF3, ser/arg-rich splicing factor 3; PDCD4, programmed cell death 4; Akt, protein kinase B; MSI1, musashi-1; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; LASP1, LIM and SH3 protein 1; SOSTDC1, sclerostin domain containing 1; TIMP3, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3; OXA, oxaliplatin; TRIM14, tripartite motif containing 14; DVL2, disheveled segment polarity protein 2; SHMT2, serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2; YAP1, yes-associated protein 1; CCND2, cyclin D2; PKM2, The M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase.