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. 2023 Sep 27;116(1):26–33. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djad202

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Model validation steps and portability of the algorithm. *Test set is part of the dataset where training and validation sets belong as well. For this reason, validation by using this test set is called internal validation. In other words, checking model performance through this test set can only prove validation of the model on the dataset it is trained on.