TABLE 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics of participants.
| Clinical parameters | All participants (n = 555) | Low‐level (≤8.75) (n = 185) | Moderate‐level (8.76–9.33) (n = 185) | High‐level (≥9.34) (n = 185) | p‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, n (%) | 0.048* | ||||
| Female | 176 31.7) | 58 (31.4) | 48 (25.9) | 70 (37.8) | |
| Male | 379 (68.3) | 127 (68.6) | 137 (74.1) | 115 (62.2) | |
| Age, years | 64.49 ± 11.31 | 67.49 ± 11.47 | 63.96 ± 10.81 | 62.02 ± 11.02 | <0.001* |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0.747 | ||||
| No | 225 (40.5) | 74 (40.0) | 79 (42.7) | 72 (38.9) | |
| Yes | 330 (59.5) | 111 (60.0) | 106 (57.3) | 113 (61.1) | |
| CHD, n (%) | 0.125 | ||||
| No | 487 (87.7) | 155 (83.8) | 165 (89.2) | 167 (90.3) | |
| Yes | 68 (12.3) | 30 (16.2) | 20 (10.8) | 18 (9.7) | |
| CVD, n (%) | 0.406 | ||||
| No | 494 (89.0) | 161 (87.0) | 164 (88.6) | 169 (91.4) | |
| Yes | 61 (11.0) | 24 (13.0) | 21 (11.4) | 16 (8.6) | |
| All‐cause mortality, n (%) | 0.002* | ||||
| No | 159 (85.9) | 148 (80.0) | 132 (71.4) | ||
| Yes | 26 (14.1) | 37 (20.0) | 53 (28.6) | ||
| Duration of diabetes, years | 10 (4, 15) | 10 (3, 15.5) | 10 (4.5, 14) | 10 (5, 15) | 0.855 |
| SBP, mmHg | 142.6 ± 24.95 | 141.26 ± 23.08 | 141.47 ± 24.11 | 145.08 ± 27.39 | 0.256 |
| DBP, mmHg | 73.18 ± 12.09 | 70.81 ± 11.01 | 73.22 ± 12.26 | 75.51 ± 12.56 | 0.001* |
| WBC, 109/L | 8.226 (7, 10.82) | 8.06 (6.38, 10.14) | 8.42 (6.97, 11.27) | 8.15 (6.74, 11.14) | 0.044* |
| Hb, g/L | 112.01 ± 22.54 | 111.45 ± 21.79 | 112.04 ± 23.32 | 112.52 ± 22.60 | 0.901 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.03 (3.33, 4.94) | 3.72 (3.07, 4.55) | 3.89 (3.24, 4.87) | 4.52 (3.66, 5.40) | <0.001* |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.25 (0.94, 1.73) | 0.91 (0.71, 1.09) | 1.3 (1.03, 1.61) | 1.81 (1.5, 2.56) | <0.001* |
| HDL‐C, mmol/L | 0.93 (0.74, 1.11) | 0.97 (0.77, 1.15) | 0.88 (0.72, 1.07) | 0.92 (0.72, 1.12) | 0.016* |
| LDL‐C, mmol/L | 2.56 (2.01, 3.24) | 2.34 (1.86, 2.92) | 2.52 (1.99, 3.13) | 2.82 (2.34, 3.52) | <0.001* |
| ALB, g/L | 33.8 (29.5, 37.2) | 33.9 (30.3, 36.35) | 33.4 (28.7, 37.5) | 34.3 (29, 37.95) | 0.802 |
| ALT, U/L | 15 (11, 21) | 15 (10, 20) | 15 (10, 22) | 15 (11, 21.5) | 0.851 |
| AST, U/L | 18 (14, 23) | 18 (15, 23) | 18 (14.5, 24) | 17 (14, 23) | 0.202 |
| Cr, μmol/L | 90 (66, 119) | 91 (73, 111.35) | 88 (65.5, 116) | 89 (64, 137) | 0.497 |
| FBG, mmol/L | 8.04 (6.13, 11.12) | 6.04 (4.92, 7.23) | 8.35 (6.68, 10.5) | 11.47 (9.04, 14.43) | <0.001* |
| HbA1c, % | 8.6 (7, 10.7) | 7.5 (6.55, 9.15) | 9 (7.45, 10.95) | 9.7 (7.9, 11.4) | <0.001* |
| TyG index, mg2/dL2 | 9.06 (8.59, 9.48) | 8.42 (8.15, 8.59) | 9.06 (8.92, 9.19) | 9.72 (9.48, 9.97) | <0.001* |
Note: Mean ± standard deviation (SD) and Median (Inter Quartile Range) for continuous variables. Percentage (%) for categorical variables.
Abbreviations: ALB, serum albumin; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate alaninetransaminase; CHD, coronary heart disease; Cr, creatinine; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; Hb, haemoglobin; HbA1c, glycosylated haemoglobin; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; TyG, triglyceride–glucose; WBC, leukocyte.
*
p < 0.05.