Table 1.
Discrimination and diagnostic potential of various biomarkers of PDAC. Listed biomarkers were curated according to their sensitivity (SN), specificity (SP), and area under the ROC curve (AUC) values. NM (not mentioned).
| Biomarker | Patients | SN (%) | SP (%) | AUC | Reference | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
PROTEIN BIOMARKERS | ||||||
| CA19.9 | 3285 PDAC vs. 1882 cases with benign pancreatic disease | 78.2 | 82.8 | Differs for malignant vs. benign cases (0.878) and PDAC vs. CP (0.885) | [30] | 2013 |
| CEA | 1324 PDAC vs. 301 cases with benign pancreatic disease | 44.2 | 84.8 | Differs for malignant vs. benign cases (0.702) and PDAC vs. CP (0.721) | [30] | 2013 |
| ExoGPC-1 | 246 PDAC vs. 120 HC | 100 | 100 | 1.0 | [25] | 2015 |
| HSP-27 | 35 PDAC vs. 37 HC | 100 | 84 | 0.98 | [129] | 2007 |
| COL6A3 | 44 PDAC vs. 30 HC | 93 | 97 | 0.975 | [59] | 2014 |
| CXCL8 | 42 PDAC vs. 34 HC | 98 | 95 | 0.9898 | [130] | 2018 |
| REG1A and REG1B | 41 PDAC vs. 61 HC | 92 | 95 | NM | [131] | 2016 |
| PIM-1 | 90 PDAC vs. 20 HC | 95.6 | 100 | 0.984 | [132] | 2016 |
| MIC-1 | 2770 PDAC vs. 2082 HC | NM | NM | 0.93 | [133] | 2023 |
|
PROTEIN PANELS | ||||||
| TFPI, TNC, and CA19.9 | 37 PDAC vs. 15 HC | 90 | 100 | 0.99 | [134] | 2011 |
| ICAM-1, OPG, and CA19.9 | 333 PDAC vs. 227 HC | 88 | 90 | 0.93 | [135] | 2011 |
| C5, A1BG, and CA19.9 | 22 PDAC vs. 29 HC | 87 | 90 | 0.92 | [136] | 2013 |
| C4BPA and CA19.9 | 52 PDAC vs. 40 HC | 85 | 96 | 0.93 | [137] | 2016 |
| IGFBP2, IGFBP3, and CA19.9 | 101 PDAC vs. 38 HC | 88 | 89 | 0.89 | [138] | 2016 |
| THBS2 and CA19.9 | 288 PDAC vs. 230 HC | 87 | 87 | 0.97 | [139] | 2017 |
| TIMP1, LRG1, and CA19.9 | 187 PDAC vs. 169 HC | 85 | 95 | 0.95 | [140] | 2017 |
| ALB, CRP, IL-8, and CA19.9 | 292 PDAC vs. 383 HC | 94 | 90 | 0.98 | [141] | 2014 |
| APOA2-ATQ/AT and CA19.9 | 286 PDAC vs. 217 HC | 95.4 | 98.3 | 0.96 | [142] | 2015 |
| APOA2, APOC1, and CA19.9 | 111 PDAC vs. 105 HC | 93 | 100 | 0.96 | [143] | 2010 |
| APOA1, APOE, APOL1, ITIH3, and CA19.9 | 80 PDAC vs. 40 HC | 95 | 94.1 | 0.99 | [144] | 2017 |
| APOA1, APOE, APOL1, and ITIH3 | 80 PDAC vs. 40 HC | 85 | 94 | 0.94 | [144] | 2017 |
| CA242, CA19.9, CEA, and CA125 | 52 PDAC vs. 40 HC | 90 | 94 | NM | [145] | 2015 |
| POSTN, CA242, and CA19.9 | 213 PDAC vs. 74 HC | 92 | 97 | 0.98 | [146] | 2018 |
| EPHB3, FGF1, ID1, IL2, IL10, IMPDH2, SELL, and VCAM1 | 72 PDAC vs. 49 HC | 89 | 91 | 0.95 | [147] | 2017 |
| 10 peptide signatures | 88 PDAC vs. 185 HC | 92% and 95% | 95 | 0.96 | [148] | 2015 |
| HPT, C3, C4A, C5, C7, IgG1, and IgA1 | 122 PDAC vs. 252 HC | 92.1 | 90.6 | 0.94 | [149] | 2014 |
| 18 proteins targeted by scFv human recombinant antibodies | 103 PDAC vs. 30 HC | 88 | 85 | 0.95 | [150] | 2012 |
| 19 proteins targeted by scFv human recombinant antibodies | 156 PDAC vs. 30 HC | 99 | 80 | 0.98 | [151] | 2015 |
| 29 proteins targeted by scFv human recombinant antibodies | 586 PDAC vs. 1107 HC | 95 | 94 | 0.97 | [152] | 2018 |
|
CIRCULATING TUMOUR DNA | ||||||
| Quantity of cfDNA | 24 PDAC vs. 38 HC and 21 IPMN vs. 38 HC | 83 and 81 | 92 and 84 | 0.92 | [153] | 2016 |
| DNA methylation of SST | 30 PDAC vs. 18 HC | 93 | 89 | 0.89 | [154] | 2020 |
| DNA methylation of ADAMTS1 and BNC1 | 42 PDAC vs. 26 HC | 81 | 85 | NM | [155] | 2013 |
| DNA methylation of ADAMTS1 and BNC1 | 39 PDAC vs. 95 HC | 97 | 92 | 0.95 | [156] | 2019 |
| Mutations in amplicons | 100 PDAC vs. 29 HC | 82 | 100 | NM | [157] | 2016 |
|
RNA BIOMARKERS | ||||||
| Exo-miRNA-21 | 30 PDAC vs. 10 CP | 80 | 90 | NM | [158] | 2020 |
| Exo-miRNA-21 | 22 PDAC vs. 27 non-PDAC | NM | NM | 0.897 | [159] | 2013 |
| miR-18a | 36 PDAC vs. 30 HC | 92 | 94 | 0.9369 | [160] | 2011 |
| miR-1290 | 19 PDAC vs. 10 HC, 19 PDAC vs. 10 CP and 19 PDAC vs. 10 NPET | 88 for PDAC vs. HC | 84 for PDAC vs. HC | 0.96, 0.81 and 0.80 | [62] | 2013 |
| miR-22-3p | 35 PDAC vs. 15 HC | 97.14 | 93.33 | 0.943 | [161] | 2017 |
| miR-642b-3p | 35 PDAC vs. 15 HC | 100 | 100 | 1.0 | [161] | 2017 |
| miR-885-5p | 35 PDAC vs. 15 HC | 100 | 100 | 1.0 | [161] | 2017 |
| Exo-miR-21 | 27 PDAC vs. 8 CP | 81 | 88 | 0.89 | [162] | 2019 |
| Exo-miR-155 | 27 PDAC vs. 8 CP | 89 | 88 | 0.90 | [162] | 2019 |
| Exo-miR-451 | 52 PDAC vs. 20 HC | NM | NM | 0.9329 | [163] | 2021 |
| Exo-miR-720 | 52 PDAC vs. 20 HC | NM | NM | 1.0 | [163] | 2021 |
| miR-373 | 103 PDAC vs. 50 HC | 81 | 84 | 0.852 | [164] | 2017 |
| WASF2 | 27 PDAC vs. 13 HC | NM | NM | 0.943 | [83] | 2019 |
| ARF6 | 27 PDAC vs. 13 HC | NM | NM | 0.940 | [83] | 2019 |
| SNORA74A | 27 PDAC vs. 13 HC | NM | NM | 0.909 | [83] | 2019 |
| SNORA25 | 27 PDAC vs. 13 HC | NM | NM | 0.903 | [83] | 2019 |
| HULC | 20 PDAC vs. 21 HC and 20 PDAC vs. 22 IPMN | 80 and 85 | 95 and 83 | 0.94 and 0.91 | [165] | 2020 |
|
MIXED AND RNA PANELS | ||||||
| Exo-miR-10b, 21, 30c, 181a, and let7a | 29 PDAC vs. 6 HC and 29 PDAC vs. 11 CP | 100 | 100 | 1.0 | [63] | 2017 |
| miR-16, miR-196a, and CA19.9 | 140 PDAC vs. 68 HC and 140 PDAC vs. 111 CP | 92 and 88.4 | 95.6 and 96.3 | 0.979 and 0.956 | [166] | 2012 |
| miR-1290, miR-1246, and CA19.9 | 120 PDAC vs. 40 HC and 120 PDAC vs. 40 Non-PDAC (CP/IPMN/PNET) | 96.7 and 92.5 | 97.5 and 90 | 0.99 and 0.96 | [167] | 2020 |
| miR-125a, miR-4294, miR-4476, miR-4530, miR-6075, miR-6799, miR-6836, and miR-6880 | 100 PDAC vs. 150 HC | 80.3 | 97.6 | 0.953 | [168] | 2015 |
| miR-125a-3p, miR-642b-3p, and miR-5100 | 424 PDAC vs. 2599 HC | 98 | 97 | 0.95 | [169] | 2020 |
| Signature of 10 miRNAs | 409 PDAC vs. 312 HC | 85 | 85 | 0.93 | [64] | 2014 |
| Signature of 12 miRNAs | 417 PDAC vs. 307 HC | 85 | 90 | 0.95 | [170] | 2016 |
| LGLRAD3 and CA19.9 | 31 PDAC vs. 31 HC | 80 | 94 | 0.87 | [171] | 2017 |
| ABHD11-AS1 and CA19.9 | 114 PDAC vs. 46 HC | 98 | 100 | 0.98 | [172] | 2019 |
| Exo-CLDN1, FGA, HIST1H2BK, ITIH2, KRT19, MARCH2, MAL2, and TIMP1 | 189 PDAC vs. 74 HC and 186 PDAC vs. 55 CP | 96 and 94 | 100 and 81 | 0.98 and 0.92 | [173] | 2020 |
|
CIRCULATING TUMOUR CELLS | ||||||
| CK8, CK18, and CA19.9 | 41 PDAC vs. 20 HC | 80 | 100 | NM | [174] | 2011 |
| CD45−, CK8, CK18, and CK19 | 15 PDAC vs. 15 HC | 80 | 100 | NM | [175] | 2015 |
| Expression of C-MET, hTERT, CK20, and CEA | 25 PDAC vs. 15 HC | 100 | 100 | NM | [176] | 2011 |
| Vimentin+, CD45−, Hoechst+, and CA19.9 | 100 PDAC vs. 30 HC | 91 | 97 | 0.97 | [177] | 2019 |