. 2023 Dec 21;13(1):49. doi: 10.3390/foods13010049

Table 4.

Thermodynamic characteristics of gelatinization of barley starch pastes.

Type of Soil	Fertilization	T_O (°C)	T_P (°C)	T_E (°C)	ΔT (°C)	ΔH_G (J/g)
2019 (A)
Gleyic Chernozem	Control	60.8 ± 0.7 ^aB	65.0 ± 0.1 ^abcB	70.7 ± 0.8 ^aA	9.9 ± 1.2 ^aA	9.07 ± 0.31 ^abcdA
	D1	59.8 ± 0.3 ^aA	64.7 ± 0.1 ^aA	70.3 ± 0.3 ^aA	10.5 ± 0.6 ^aA	11.38 ± 0.27 ^eB
	D2	60.7 ± 0.4 ^aB	64.9 ± 0.2 ^abcB	70.4 ± 0.3 ^aB	9.7 ± 0.1 ^aA	10.22 ± 0.80 ^cdeB
	D3	60.3 ± 0.7 ^aA	64.9 ± 0.2 ^abcB	70.4 ± 0.1 ^aA	10.1 ± 0.7 ^aA	10.45 ± 0.22 ^deB
	D4	61.0 ± 0.4 ^aB	65.7 ± 0.8 ^cB	71.5 ± 1.7 ^aA	10.5 ± 1.3 ^aA	10.11 ± 0.29 ^cdB
	D5	60.7 ± 0.0 ^aB	65.0 ± 0.1 ^abcB	70.4 ± 0.2 ^aA	9.7 ± 0.1 ^aA	8.58 ± 0.52 ^abcA
	D6	60.7 ± 0.5 ^aB	65.6 ± 0.4 ^bcB	71.6 ± 0.7 ^aA	10.9 ± 1.2 ^aA	9.32 ± 0.22 ^bcdB
Haplic Luvisol	Control	60.1 ± 0.0 ^aB	64.6 ± 0.1 ^aB	70.1 ± 0.2 ^aB	9.9 ± 0.2 ^aA	7.90 ± 0.46 ^abA
	D1	59.8 ± 0.2 ^aB	64.8 ± 0.0 ^abB	70.6 ± 0.2 ^aB	10.8 ± 0.4 ^aA	7.86 ± 0.31 ^aA
	D2	59.6 ± 0.4 ^aB	64.9 ± 0.2 ^abcB	70.4 ± 0.3 ^aB	10.8 ± 0.6 ^aA	10.22 ± 0.80 ^cdeB
	D3	59.3 ± 0.2 ^aB	64.6 ± 0.0 ^aB	70.1 ± 0.4 ^aA	10.8 ± 0.6 ^aA	9.12 ± 0.09 ^bcdB
	D4	59.3 ± 0.6 ^aB	64.5 ± 0.1 ^aB	70.6 ± 0.5 ^aA	11.3 ± 1.1 ^aA	7.89 ± 0.14 ^abA
	D5	59.8 ± 0.5 ^aB	64.6 ± 0.2 ^aB	70.2 ± 0.7 ^aA	10.4 ± 1.2 ^aA	8.58 ± 0.16 ^abcA
	D6	60.1 ± 0.5 ^aB	65.3 ± 0.3 ^abcB	70.4 ± 1.0 ^aB	10.3 ± 0.6 ^aA	8.60 ± 0.44 ^abcB
Two-Way ANOVA (p-value)
Type of soil		<0.001	0.001	0.058	0.114	<0.001
Fertilization		0.085	0.002	0.253	0.370	<0.001
Type of soil × Fertilization		0.075	0.037	0.448	0.613	<0.000
2020 (B)
Gleyic Chernozem	Control	58.6 ± 0.4 ^aA	63.2 ± 0.1 ^aA	69.1 ± 0.3 ^aA	10.5 ± 0.7 ^aA	9.52 ± 0.09 ^eA
	D1	59.2 ± 0.8 ^aA	63.5 ± 1.1 ^aA	69.7 ± 0.9 ^aA	10.5 ± 0.1 ^aA	7.64 ± 0.43 ^bcdA
	D2	58.8 ± 0.2 ^aA	62.7 ± 0.2 ^aA	68.1 ± 0.6 ^aA	9.3 ± 0.2 ^aA	6.39 ± 1.19 ^abA
	D3	59.6 ± 1.2 ^aA	63.3 ± 0.2 ^aA	69.7 ± 1.2 ^aA	10.1 ± 0.4 ^aA	9.04 ± 0.51 ^deA
	D4	58.6 ± 0.1 ^aA	62.9 ± 0.1 ^aA	68.3 ± 0.2 ^aA	9.7 ± 0.2 ^aA	8.11 ± 0.56 ^cdeA
	D5	58.4 ± 0.0 ^aA	63.2 ± 0.5 ^aA	68.6 ± 0.7 ^aA	10.2 ± 0.7 ^aA	8.90 ± 0.28 ^deA
	D6	58.1 ± 0.4 ^aA	62.5 ± 0.7 ^aA	67.9 ± 1.1 ^aA	9.8 ± 1.0 ^aA	6.87 ± 0.61 ^abcA
Haplic Luvisol	Control	58.4 ± 0.1 ^aA	63.2 ± 0.2 ^aA	68.4 ± 0.4 ^aA	10.1 ± 0.4 ^aA	7.25 ± 0.15 ^abcA
	D1	57.8 ± 0.4 ^aA	62.8 ± 0.3 ^aA	68.5 ± 0.1 ^aA	10.7 ± 0.3 ^aA	6.53 ± 0.60 ^abA
	D2	57.9 ± 0.2 ^aA	62.8 ± 0.1 ^aA	68.4 ± 0.4 ^aA	10.6 ± 0.3 ^aA	7.02 ± 0.54 ^abcA
	D3	58.4 ± 0.2 ^aA	63.3 ± 0.1 ^aA	68.9 ± 0.9 ^aA	10.5 ± 1.0 ^aA	7.05 ± 0.30 ^abcA
	D4	57.9 ± 0.3 ^aA	63.1 ± 0.0 ^aA	68.6 ± 0.4 ^aA	10.8 ± 0.7 ^aA	7.77 ± 0.24 ^bcdA
	D5	58.2 ± 0.3 ^aA	63.1 ± 0.0 ^aA	68.7 ± 0.3 ^aA	10.5 ± 0.6 ^aA	6.77 ± 0.20 ^abcA
	D6	56.5 ± 1.0 ^aA	61.7 ± 0.2 ^aA	67.5 ± 1.1 ^aA	11.1 ± 2.1 ^aA	5.85 ± 0.10 ^aA
Two-Way ANOVA (p-value)
Type of soil		<0.001	0.166	0.154	0.021	<0.001
Fertilization		0.001	<0.001	0.016	0.853	<0.001
Type of soil × Fertilization		0.191	0.214	0.409	0.448	<0.001

Data are expressed as means ± SD. Values in columns marked with the same lowercase letters do not differ significantly at a significance level of 0.05. Values marked with the same capital letters indicate no significant differences between the years of the study at a significance level of 0.05. T_O—onset temperature, T_P—peak temperature, T_E—endset temperature, ΔH_G—enthalpy of gelatinization, ΔH_R—enthalpy of retrogradation, and R—percentage of retrogradation = (ΔH_R/ΔH_G) × 100. D1–D6: ash fertilization level.