Table 1.
ncRNAs associated with the invasion ability of GC for the past five years. ncRNAs = non-coding RNAs, EMT = epithelial–mesenchymal transition, Treg = regulatory T cell, GC = gastric cancer, MTA1 = metastasis-associated protein 1, SKA21 =spindle and kinetochore associated 2, lncRNA = long non-coding RNA, ALKBH5 = alkylation repair homolog protein 5, NEAT1 = nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1, PCGEM1 = prostate cancer gene expression marker 1, SNHG8 = nucleolar RNA host gene 8, SNHG7 = small nucleolar RNA host gene 7, circRNA = circular RNA, STAT3 = signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, ↓ = downregulation; ↑ = upregulation, N.A. = not applicable.
| ncRNAs | Dysregulations | Target | Comments | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ncRNA prompting invasion | ||||
| miRNA | ||||
| miR-21 | ↑ | PDCD4, PTEN | Stimulates invasion by attenuating PDCD4 and PTEN expression. | [143] |
| miR-30c-5p | ↓ | MTA1 | Activates M2 macrophages and, in turn, EMT through TGF-β/Smad2 signaling. | [159] |
| miR-93 | ↑ | TIMP2 | Prompts invasion and EMT by targeting TIMP2, | [141] |
| miR-192-5p | ↑ | RB1 | Induces EMT and Treg cell differentiation by modulating IL-10 secretion. | [142] |
| miR-214 | ↑ | PTEN | Post-transcriptionally downregulates PTEN expression and prompts invasion. | [144] |
| lnc RNAs | ||||
| NEAT1 | ↑ | ALKBH5 | ALKBH5 prompts invasion and metastasis by reducing methylation of the NEAT1. | [146] |
| PCGEM1 | ↑ | SNAI1 | Hypoxia-cultured GC-derived PCGEM enhances invasion. | [160] |
| DIAPH2-AS1 | ↑ | NSUN2 NTN1 |
Enhances the neural invasion via the DIAPH2-AS1-NSUN2-NTN1 axis. | [148] |
| NSLT-1 | ↑ | NOTCH1 | Enhances invasion and metastasis by regulating NOTCH1. | [160] |
| LINC00511 | ↑ | N.A. | Promotes invasion by modulating miR-515-5p. | [145] |
| SNHG8 | ↑ | PDGFRA. | Enhances invasion by regulating the miR-491/PDGFRA. | [161] |
| SNHG7 | ↑ | Snail | Increases invasion via repressing the miR-34a-Snail-EMT axis. | [162] |
| ZFAS1 | ↑ | LIN28 CAPRIN1 | Enhances invasion by targeting LIN28 and CAPRIN1. | [163] |
| circ RNAs | ||||
| circ-RanGAP1 | ↑ | VAGFA | Increases GC invasion via miR-877-3p/VEGFA axis. | [153] |
| circBGN | ↑ | IL6/STAT3 | Prompts invasion through miR-149-5p/IL6. | [164] |
| circDUSP6 | ↑ | IVNS1ABP | Promotes invasion by sponging miR-145-5p. | [165] |
| hsa-circ-0052001 | ↑ | MAPK signal pathway. | Facilitates invasion of GC cells through the MAPK signal pathway. | [166] |
| circNRIP1 | ↑ | AKT1 | Sponges miR-149-5p to increase the AKT1 expression. | [150] |
| circSHKBP1 | ↑ | HUR VEGF HSP90 |
Exosomal circSHKBP1 modulates the miR-582-3p/HUR/VEGF pathway and inhibits HSP90 degradation. | [167] |
| circUBE2Q2 | ↑ | STAT3 | Promotes GC invasion via the circUBE2Q2-miR-370-3p-STAT3 axis. | [168] |
| circ-CEP85L | ↓ | NFKBIA | Increases NFKBIA expression by targeting miR-942-5p and impairs invasion. | [157] |
| hsa_circ_0005230 | ↑ | RHOT1 | Induces the EMT by regulating RHOT1 expression via sponging miR-1299, thus promoting invasion. | [169] |
| circPDIA4 | ↑ | MAPK | Enhances invasion and metastasis by bounding the ERK/MAPK pathway. | [151] |
| ncRNA inhibiting invasion | ||||
| miRNA | ||||
| miR-9 | ↓ | cyclin D1, Ets1 | Represses invasion and metastasis of GC. | [170] |
| miR-140-5p | ↓ | WNT1 YES |
Inhibits cell invasion via Wnt/β-catenin signaling. | [171] |
| miR-181a | ↑ | Caprin-1 | Inhibits caprin-1 and enhances GC invasion. | [172] |
| miR-181-5p | ↓ | ZFP91. | Serves as a tumor suppressor by targeting ZFP91. | [173] |
| miR-200b-3p | ↓ | CXCL12 CXCR7 | Suppresses invasion by modulating the CXCL12/CXCR7 axis. | [155] |
| miR-214 | ↓ | FGF9 | Suppressed invasion via targeting FGF9 in CAFs and regulating the EMT. | [156] |
| miR-330-3p | ↑ | PRRX1 | Repressed EMT and invasion via inhibiting PRRX1-regulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling. | [174] |
| miR-505 | ↓ | HMGB1 | Suppresses invasion by targeting HMGB1. | [175] |
| miR-520a-3p | ↑ | SKA2 | Suppresses invasion using invasion assay. | [176] |
| miR-1254 | ↓ | Smurf1 | Suppresses invasion and EMT, and reduces the PI3K/AKT signaling via downregulating Smurf1. | [177] |
| miR-3648 | ↓ | FRAT1, FRAT2 | Suppresses invasion by targeting FRAT-1 and-2 via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling. | [154] |
| miR-3664-5p | ↓ | MTDH | Inhibits invasion through the NF-κB signaling by targeting MTDH. | [178] |
| lnc RNAs | ||||
| CA3-AS1 | ↓ | BTG3 | Increases the expression of BTG3 and inhibits invasion by targeting miR-93-5p. | [179] |
| LINC00473 | ↑ | MMP2, MMP9 | Restores invasion via regulating MMP2 and MMP9 expression. | [149] |
| circ RNAs | ||||
| circ-ITCH | ↓ | Wnt/β-catenin pathway | Suppresses by sponging miR-17via Wnt/β-catenin pathway. | [180] |
| circRELL1 | ↓ | EPHB3 | Represses invasion via the circRELL1/miR-637/EPHB3 axis. | [181] |
| circ_0026344 | ↓ | PDCD4 | Increases PDCD4 expression by targeting miR-590-5p, thus impairing invasion. | [182] |