Table 1.
Overview of the most relevant metabolomics biomarkers for EC diagnosis.
| Metabolite | Group | Platform | Sample Type | Function and Relevance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PC C40:1, PC C42:0, PC44:5 Acylcarnitine C16 Hydroxysphingomyelins [60] |
Phospholipids Conjugated lipids Sphingolipid |
Electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry | Serum | Related with cell membrane synthesis and transport of fatty acids for B-oxidation |
| PCs Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) Phosphatidylinositol (PI) Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) Linoleic acid Glutamine, phenylalanine [61] |
Phospholipids Polyunsaturated carboxylic acid Amino acids |
UPLC-ESI-TOF-MS In-vitro assays |
Tumor and non-tumor tissue samples | Related with cell membrane synthesis, RNA transcription, etc. |
| PC Malate Asparagine [62] |
Phospholipids Dicarboxylic acid Amino acids |
NMR | Cervicovaginal Fluid | Related with cell membrane synthesis, protein synthesis, and NADH transport for energy production. |
| Ursodeoxycholic acid PC(O-14:0_20:4) SM(d18:0/18:0) Cer(d18:1/18:0) HexCer(d18:1/18:1) [63] |
Steroid acids Phospholipids Sphingolipid |
UHPLC-MS/MS (Lipidomics) | Serum | Pro-inflamatory capacities, de-novo synthesis of ceramides, cell survival and transduction. |
| PC C14:2 PC C38:1 [65] |
Carnitine (Conjugated lipid) | NMR and MS | Serum | Fatty acid transport |
| Octenoylcarnitine Linoleic acid Stearic acid Valine [68] |
Conjugated lipids Polyunsaturated carboxylic acid Saturated monobasic acid Amino acids |
GC-MS | Serum | Fatty acid transport, tumor growth, inhibition of tumor growth (downregulated in EC), protein synthesis. |
| 6-keto-PGF1 PA(37:4) LysoPC(20:1) PS(36:0) [71] |
Prostaglandin Phospholipids |
UPLC-MS (Lipidomics) | Serum | 6-keto-PGF1 is a prostaglandin derivative, which can promote tumor growth. |
| Serine Glutamic acid Phenylalanine Glyceraldehyde-3-phopsphate [58] |
Amino acids Sugar |
GC-MS | Serum | Protein synthesis, ROS buffering and metabolites of anaerobic glycolysis. (Warburg effect) |
| Stearamide Monoolein Hypoxanthine 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycerol [74] |
Endocannabinoids Purine derivative Amino acid derivative |
LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS | Tumor tissue | Endocannabinoid system regulates cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. Migration of endometrial cells, as well. |