Figure 1.

Intracellular signaling involving EGFR. The major regulatory pathways downstream of EGFR and other HER receptors are shown. Binding of specific ligands (e.g., EGF) leads to homo- or heterodimerization of receptors, thus resulting in conformational changes in the intracellular kinase domain, which results in phosphorylation and activation of the receptor. The signaling axes RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK and PI3K-AKT-mTOR, in turn, activate various downstream signaling pathways, thus leading to enhanced cell proliferation and survival. Created with BioRender.com (accessed on 1 November 2023).