Table 4.
t-test results of the countershading effect between the male and female ducks.
| Parameters | Male, n = 156 | Female, n = 171 | t | 95% CI | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | Lower | Upper | |||
| DLCA: VLCA | 16.89 | 52.34 | 40.49 | 117.30 | −2.04 | −46.3263 | −0.87246 | 0.04 |
| DRCA: VRCA | 19.21 | 93.69 | 49.58 | 181.71 | −1.66 | −66.4726 | 5.732883 | 0.09 |
| DTCA: VTCA | 12.93 | 19.10 | 48.66 | 181.08 | −2.14 | −68.5645 | −2.90038 | 0.03 |
| DTCA:TFA/VTCA: TFA | 7.39 | 16.45 | 37.22 | 148.99 | −2.17 | −56.86 | −2.81 | 0.03 |
M = mean; SD = standard deviation; t = t-test value; CI = confidence interval; p = probability value; DLCA: VLCA = ratio of dorsal left color area to ventral left color area; DRBA: VRCA = ratio of dorsal right color area to ventral right color area; DTCA: VTCA = ratio of dorsal total color area to ventral total color area; DTCA: TFA/VTCA: TFA = compared values of the ratio of total color area/total feathers of dorsal and ventral feathers.