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PPP increases the mRNA level of antioxidant enzymes, whereas it reduces the levels of mRNA associated with inflammation. (A) The mRNA levels of antioxidant enzyme GPx-1 and (B–D) the pro-inflammation factors TNF-α, IL-1α, and COX-2 were measured and determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Statistical significance indicated ## p < 0.01; ### p < 0.001 compared with the untreated group and * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001 compared with the UVB-irradiated group.
