Table 1.
Methyl salicylate and salicylic glycosides in G. procumbens.
| Plant Part | Compound | Identification Method | Extract/Content | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| leaves | gaultherin (GT) | UV, TLC | − | [74] |
| methyl salicylate (SM) | GC-MS | content in %: PE; SM: 2.31 CHE; SM: 6.88 |
[75] | |
| gaultherin (GT) | LC-MS | content in mg/g fw of the leaves: GT: 26.00 TSAL: 10.70 |
[76] | |
| gaultherin (GT) | UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS3 HPLC-PDA |
ME; GT mg/g dw of the leaves: 76.86 (April); 64.59 (May); 65.89 (June); 77.20 (July); 88.31 (August); 104.09 (September); 107.49 (October) | [67] | |
| isolation; UV, IR | − | [65,77] | ||
| gaultherin (GT) physanguloside (PH) |
isolation; 1H NMR; 13C NMR; 2D NMR; LC-MS/MS |
water extract | [63] | |
| gaultherin (GT) gaultherin isomer 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosylgaultherin (TG) |
UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS3 HPLC-PDA |
ME; GT: 98.41 mg/g dw of the extract | [62] | |
| content in mg/g dw of the extract: ME; TSAL: 98.89; GT: 98.41; TG: 0.49 EAE; TSAL: 288.13; GT: 288.13; TG: - BE; TSAL: 128.61; GT: 127.81; TG: 0.79 |
[60] | |||
| stems | gaultherin (GT) | UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS3 HPLC-PDA |
content in mg/g dw of the extract: ME; TSAL: 96.84; GT: 93.76 EAE; TSAL: 160.86; GT: 148.08 BE; TSAL: 152.71; GT: 138.61 AE; TSAL: 199.94; GT: 185.98 WE; TSAL: 19.88; GT: 10.52 |
[59] |
| ME; GT: 93.76 mg/g dw of the extract | [62] | |||
| fruits | gaultherin (GT) physanguloside (PH) 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosylgaultherin (TG) |
isolation; HR-ESI-MS, 1H NMR; 13C NMR; 2D NMR; identification of aglycone (GC-MS) and sugars (acid hydrolysis, HPLC-PDA) |
content in mg/g dw of the extract: ME; TSAL: 83.66; GT: 48.89; PH: 12.45; TG: 22.31 EAE; TSAL: 109.28; GT: 98.25; PH: 8.58; TG: 2.45 BE; TSAL: 63.77; GT: 29.35; PH: 6.61; TG: 27.81 AE; TSAL: 121.67; GT: 93.63; PH: 16.09; TG: 11.95 WE; TSAL: 31.09; GT: 2.73; PH: 7.77; TG: 20.59 |
[61] |
| aerial parts | gaultherin (GT) GT isomer physanguloside (PH) 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosylgaultherin (TG) |
UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS3 HPLC-PDA |
content in mg/g dw of the extract: ME; GT: 96.51 MED; GT: 75.68; DEF; GT: 21.37; EAF; GT: 30.25; BF; GT: 127.69; WF; GT: 27.81 |
[62] |
| − | gaultherin (GT) | − | − | [78,79] |
| − | methyl salicylate (SM) gaultherin (GT) |
− | − | [80] |
GT: methyl salicylate 2-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (gaultherin); PH: methyl salicylate 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (physanguloside A); TG: methyl salicylate 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→6)]-O-β-D-glucopyranoside; PE: petroleum ether dry extract; CHE: chloroform dry extract; MEC/ME: methanol–water dry extract (75:25, v/v) obtained by direct extraction of the raw material with a solvent; MED: defatted methanol–water extract (75:25, v/v) obtained by preliminary extraction of the raw material with chloroform in a Soxhlet apparatus, followed by extraction with a methanol–water solution (75:25, v/v); DEF: diethyl ether fraction (fractionated extraction); EAF: ethyl acetate fraction (fractionated extraction); BF: n-butanol fraction (fractionated extraction); WR/WF: water residue/fraction (fractionated extraction); ME: methanol–water dry extract (75:25, v/v); EAE: ethyl acetate dry extract (direct extraction); BE: n-butanol dry extract (direct extraction); AE: acetone dry extract (direct extraction); WE: water dry extract (direct extraction); TSAL: total salicylate content determined by HPLC-PDA-fingerprint (mg/g dw of the extract); dw: dry weight; fw: fresh weight.