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. 2024 Jan 1;25(1):565. doi: 10.3390/ijms25010565

Table 7.

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and photoprotective activity of G. procumbens extracts and individual compounds.

Plant Part Method/Activity Results Positive Control References
anti-inflammatory activity
leaves HYAL; MED: % of inhibition of the enzyme activity 2.2% (extract concentration 50 μg/mL), 4.2% (100 μg/mL); DEF: 2.1% (50 μg/mL), 4.1% (100 μg/mL); EAF: 2.5% (50 μg/mL), 21.8% (100 μg/mL); BF: 3.1% (50 μg/mL), 17.9% (100 μg/mL); WR: 0.3% (50 μg/mL), 1.9% (100 μg/mL);
LOX; MED: results calculated per dw of the extract; IC50 = 147.4 μg/mL; DEF: IC50 = 200.3 μg/mL; EAF: IC50 = 85.4 μg/mL; BF: IC50 = 98.9 μg/mL; WR: IC50 = 323.7 μg/mL		 HYAL; HP: 17.7% (50 μg/mL), 28.0% (100 μg/mL);
LOX; QU: IC50 = 70.2 μg/mL		 [68]
results calculated per dw of the extract:
HYAL; ME: IC50 = 18.66 μg/mL; EAE: IC50 = 34.57 μg/mL; BE: IC50 = 14.63 μg/mL
LOX; ME: IC50 = 351.55 μg/mL; EAE: IC50 = 626.25 μg/mL; BE: IC50 = 267.04 μg/mL
COX-2; ME: IC50 = 711.08 μg/mL; EAE: IC50 = 1416.93 μg/mL; BE: IC50 = 970.64 μg/mL		 HYAL; IND: IC50 = 12.68 μg/mL; DEX: 14.07 μg/mL;
LOX; IND: IC50 = 91.89 μg/mL; DEX: 120.16 μg/mL;
COX-2; IND: IC50 = 184.32 μg/mL; DEX: 511.23 μg/mL		 [60]
LPS/fMLP+cytochalasin B-stimulated human neutrophils
IL-8; ME: % of inhibition 4.5% (extract concentration 50 μg/mL), 11.2% (100 μg/mL), 22.6% (150 μg/mL);
IL-1β; ME: 15.5% (50 μg/mL), 26.3% (100 μg/mL), 38.7% (150 μg/mL);
TNF-α; ME: 4.3% (50 μg/mL), 8.7% (100 μg/mL), 19.1% (150 μg/mL);
MMP-9; ME: 7.8% (50 μg/mL), 15.8% (100 μg/mL), 24.1% (150 μg/mL);
ELA-2; ME: 11.7% (50 μg/mL), 22.9% (100 μg/mL), 42.3% (150 μg/mL)		 IL-8; DEX: 55.8% (25 μM);
IL-1β; DEX: 51.8% (25 μM);
TNF-α; DEX: 68.8% (25 μM);
MMP-9; DEX: 26.9% (25 μM);
ELA-2; QU: 39.3% (25 μM)
LPS-stimulated human Hs68 dermal fibroblasts
IL-8; ME: % of inhibition 1.2% (extract concentration 5 μg/mL), 22.2% (10 μg/mL), 63.8% (25 μg/mL), 69.1% (50 μg/mL);
ICAM-1; ME: % of inhibition 7.9% (extract concentration 5 μg/mL), 21.5% (10 μg/mL), 30.3% (25 μg/mL), 31.8% (50 μg/mL);
NF-κB; ME: % of inhibition 3.5% (extract concentration 5 μg/mL), 10.3% (10 μg/mL), 17.5% (25 μg/mL), 24.8% (50 μg/mL);
phosphorylation of Erk kinase (pErk); ME: suppression of the LPS-induced Erk kinase activation (25–50 μg/mL)		 IL-8; DEX: 92.7% (5 μg/mL), 95.9% (10 μg/mL), 97.9% (25 μg/mL), 99.2% (50 μg/mL);
ICAM-1; DEX: 91.4% (5 μg/mL), 99.1% (10 μg/mL), 99.1% (25 μg/mL), 99.1% (50 μg/mL);
NF-κB; DEX: 91.1% (5 μg/mL), 92.0% (10 μg/mL), 94.3% (25 μg/mL), 97.8% (50 μg/mL);
phosphorylation of Erk kinase (pErk); DEX: suppression of the LPS-induced Erk kinase activation (25–50 μg/mL)		 [89]
stems results calculated per dw of the extract:
HYAL; AE: IC50 = 11.67 μg/mL; ME: IC50 = 10.26 μg/mL; BE: IC50 = 15.09 μg/mL; WE: IC50 = 19.11 μg/mL
LOX; AE: IC50 = 0.29 mg/mL; ME: IC50 = 0.32 mg/mL; BE: IC50 = 0.38 mg/mL; WE: IC50 = 0.37 mg/mL
COX-2; AE: IC50 = 0.38 mg/mL; ME: IC50 = 0.47 mg/mL; BE: IC50 = 0.44 mg/mL; WE: IC50 = 0.82 mg/mL		 HYAL; IND: IC50 = 12.77 μg/mL; DEX: 14.18 μg/mL;
LOX; IND: IC50 = 0.09 mg/mL; DEX: 0.12 mg/mL;
COX-2; IND: IC50 = 0.18 mg/mL; DEX: 0.51 mg/mL		 [59]
LPS/fMLP+cytochalasin B-stimulated human neutrophils
IL-8; AE: % of inhibition 0% (extract concentration 25 μg/mL), 2.3% (50 μg/mL), 10.7% (100 μg/mL), 23.8% (150 μg/mL);
IL-1β; AE: 44.2% (25 μg/mL), 62.0% (50 μg/mL), 71.3% (100 μg/mL), 81.3% (150 μg/mL);
TNF-α; AE: 2.4% (25 μg/mL), 17.7% (50 μg/mL), 40.7% (100 μg/mL), 57.7% (150 μg/mL);
MMP-9; AE: 2.0% (25 μg/mL), 6.2% (50 μg/mL), 13.7% (100 μg/mL), 19.5% (150 μg/mL);
ELA-2; AE: 46.4% (25 μg/mL), 56.2% (50 μg/mL), 62.9% (100 μg/mL), 68.4% (150 μg/mL)		 IL-8; DEX: 55.8% (25 μM), 67.8% (50 μM), 76.9% (75 μM);
IL-1β; DEX: 51.8% (25 μM), 74.4% (50 μM), 79.6% (75 μM);
TNF-α; DEX: 68.8% (25 μM), 91.4% (50 μM), 98.7% (75 μM);
MMP-9; DEX: 26.9% (25 μM), 30.2% (50 μM), 43.7% (75 μM);
ELA-2; QU: 39.3% (25 μM), 47.0% (50 μM), 55.6% (75 μM)
LPS-stimulated human Hs68 dermal fibroblasts
IL-8; AE: % of inhibition 0.4% (extract concentration 5 μg/mL), 39.8% (10 μg/mL), 76.0% (25 μg/mL), 77.2% (50 μg/mL);
ICAM-1; AE: % of inhibition 32.7% (extract concentration 5 μg/mL), 42.8% (10 μg/mL), 42.4% (25 μg/mL), 42.6% (50 μg/mL);
NF-κB; ME: % of inhibition 5.9% (extract concentration 5 μg/mL), 17.7% (10 μg/mL), 20.7% (25 μg/mL), 29.1% (50 μg/mL);
phosphorylation of Erk kinase (pErk); ME: suppression of the LPS-induced Erk kinase activation (25–50 μg/mL)		 IL-8; DEX: 92.7% (5 μg/mL), 95.9% (10 μg/mL), 97.9% (25 μg/mL), 99.2% (50 μg/mL);
ICAM-1; DEX: 91.4% (5 μg/mL), 99.1% (10 μg/mL), 99.1% (25 μg/mL), 99.1% (50 μg/mL);
NF-κB; DEX: 91.1% (5 μg/mL), 92.0% (10 μg/mL), 94.3% (25 μg/mL), 97.8% (50 μg/mL);
phosphorylation of Erk kinase (pErk); DEX: suppression of the LPS-induced Erk kinase activation (25–50 μg/mL)		 [89]
fruits results calculated per dw of the extract:
HYAL; AE: IC50 = 28.39 μg/mL; ME: IC50 = 32.72 μg/mL; BE: IC50 = 49.30 μg/mL; WE: IC50 = 39.34 μg/mL;
LOX; AE: IC50 = 644.79 μg/mL; ME: IC50 = 743.61 μg/mL; BE: IC50 = 850.42 μg/mL; WE: IC50 = 837.96 μg/mL;
COX-2; AE: IC50 = 152.89 μg/mL; ME: IC50 = 230.83 μg/mL; BE: IC50 = 224.08 μg/mL; WE: IC50 = 713.36 μg/mL		 HYAL; IND: IC50 = 12.77 μg/mL; DEX: 14.18 μg/mL;
LOX; IND: IC50 = 92.60 μg/mL; DEX: 118.14 μg/mL;
COX-2; IND: IC50 = 178.40 μg/mL; DEX: 507.63 μg/mL		 [61]
LPS/fMLP+cytochalasin B-stimulated human neutrophils
IL-8; AE: % of inhibition 0% (extract concentration 25 μg/mL), 5.3% (50 μg/mL), 13.8% (100 μg/mL), 36.2% (150 μg/mL);
IL-1β; AE: 28.0% (25 μg/mL), 44.7% (50 μg/mL), 63.9% (100 μg/mL), 79.7% (150 μg/mL);
TNF-α; AE: 12.5% (25 μg/mL), 34.0% (50 μg/mL), 46.6% (100 μg/mL), 55.8% (150 μg/mL);
MMP-9; AE: 0.6% (25 μg/mL), 5.2% (50 μg/mL), 8.5% (100 μg/mL), 17.9% (150 μg/mL);
ELA-2; AE: 72.5% (25 μg/mL), 76.4% (50 μg/mL), 77.1% (100 μg/mL), 81.4% (150 μg/mL)		 IL-8; DEX: 55.8% (25 μM);
IL-1β; DEX: 51.8% (25 μM);
TNF-α; DEX: 68.8% (25 μM);
MMP-9; DEX: 26.9% (25 μM);
ELA-2; QU: 39.3% (25 μM)
LPS-stimulated human Hs68 dermal fibroblasts
IL-8; AE: % of inhibition 6.6% (extract concentration 5 μg/mL), 63.4% (10 μg/mL), 84.8% (25 μg/mL), 88.1% (50 μg/mL);
ICAM-1; AE: % of inhibition 28.4% (extract concentration 5 μg/mL), 29.1% (10 μg/mL), 32.1% (25 μg/mL), 30.5% (50 μg/mL);
NF-κB; ME: % of inhibition 14.5% (extract concentration 5 μg/mL), 21.8% (10 μg/mL), 29.1% (25 μg/mL), 38.7% (50 μg/mL);
phosphorylation of Erk kinase (pErk); ME: suppression of the LPS-induced Erk kinase activation (25–50 μg/mL)		 IL-8; DEX: 92.7% (5 μg/mL), 95.9% (10 μg/mL), 97.9% (25 μg/mL), 99.2% (50 μg/mL);
ICAM-1; DEX: 91.4% (5 μg/mL), 99.1% (10 μg/mL), 99.1% (25 μg/mL), 99.1% (50 μg/mL);
NF-κB; DEX: 91.1% (5 μg/mL), 92.0% (10 μg/mL), 94.3% (25 μg/mL), 97.8% (50 μg/mL);
phosphorylation of Erk kinase (pErk); DEX: suppression of the LPS-induced Erk kinase activation (25–50 μg/mL)		 [89]
model compounds HYAL; QU: IC50 = 101.84 μM; MQ: IC50 = 98.15 μM; DGQ: IC50 = 98.08 μM; ECA: IC50 = 81.85 μM; PB2: IC50 = 37.42 μM; CB1: IC50 = 37.69 μM; CHA: IC50 = 80.69 μM; GT: IC50 = 64.02 μM;
COX-2; QU: IC50 = 1.56 mM; MQ: IC50 = 1.29 mM; DGQ: IC50 = 1.44 mM; ECA: IC50 = 1.62 mM; PB2: IC50 = 1.43 mM; CB1: IC50 = 1.56 mM; CHA: IC50 = 2.86 mM; GT: IC50 = 0.78 mM		 HYAL; IND: IC50 = 35.69 μM; DEX: 36.13 μM;
COX-2; IND: IC50 = 0.50 mM; DEX: 1.29 mM		 [62]
LPS/fMLP+cytochalasin B-stimulated human neutrophils
IL-1β; QU: % of inhibition 22.5% (compound concentration 25 μM), 44.1% (50 μM), 59.5% (75 μM);
MQ: 32.9% (25 μM), 52.9% (50 μM), 66.8% (75 μM); DGQ: 42.1% (25 μM), 59.9% (50 μM), 72.3% (75 μM); ECA: 59.2% (25 μM), 67.9% (50 μM), 72.6% (75 μM); PB2: 35.1% (25 μM), 47.6% (50 μM), 64.4% (75 μM); CB1: 19.6% (25 μM), 31.9% (50 μM), 53.5% (75 μM); CHA: 47.7% (25 μM), 60.5% (50 μM), 76.2% (75 μM); GT: 13.7% (25 μM), 32.4% (50 μM), 46.6% (75 μM);
TNF-α; QU: 11.1% (25 μM), 29.4% (50 μM), 55.6% (75 μM); MQ: 17.7% (25 μM), 40.4% (50 μM), 68.8% (75 μM); DGQ: 24.8% (25 μM), 61.9% (50 μM), 80.7% (75 μM); ECA: 23.4% (25 μM), 56.4% (50 μM), 72.4% (75 μM); PB2: 16.5% (25 μM), 39.9% (50 μM), 62.1% (75 μM); CB1: 7.8% (25 μM), 26.7% (50 μM), 55.8% (75 μM); CHA: 13.7% (25 μM), 50.2% (50 μM), 73.8% (75 μM); GT: 6.0% (25 μM), 48.9% (50 μM), 73.7% (75 μM);
ELA-2; MQ: 38.7% (25 μM), 46.3% (50 μM), 56.2% (75 μM); DGQ: 42.5% (25 μM), 55.7% (50 μM), 66.3% (75 μM); ECA: 34.6% (25 μM), 44.8% (50 μM), 55.1% (75 μM); PB2: 40.4% (25 μM), 49.3% (50 μM), 62.4% (75 μM); CB1: 59.2% (25 μM), 66.1% (50 μM), 75.7% (75 μM); CHA: 15.5% (25 μM), 34.3% (50 μM), 43.9% (75 μM); GT: 34.1% (25 μM), 54.8% (50 μM), 64.9% (75 μM)		 IL-1β; DEX: 51.8% (25 μM), 74.4% (50 μM), 79.6% (75 μM);
TNF-α; DEX: 68.8% (25 μM), 91.4% (50 μM), 98.7% (75 μM);
ELA-2; QU: 39.3% (25 μM), 47.0% (50 μM), 55.6% (75 μM)
antioxidant activity
leaves results calculated per dw of the extract:
DPPH; MEC: EC50 = 8.35 μg/mL, MED: 6.67 μg/mL, DEF: 4.34 μg/mL, EAF: 2.90 μg/mL, BF: 4.94 μg/mL, WR: 30.91 μg/mL;
FRAP; MEC: 4.58 mmol Fe2+/g, MED: 5.97 mmol Fe2+/g, DEF: 12.50 mmol Fe2+/g, EAF: 12.77 mmol Fe2+/g, BF: 8.17 mmol Fe2+/g, WR: 1.46 mmol Fe2+/g;
LA inhibition; MEC: IC50 = 175.98 μg/mL, MED: 207.98 μg/mL, DEF: 109.39 μg/mL, EAF: 123.94 μg/mL, BF: 164.77 μg/mL, WR: 651.85 μg/mL;
O2•−; MEC: SC50 = 8.9 μg/mL, MED: 11.4 μg/mL, DEF: 17.4 μg/mL, EAF: 3.9 μg/mL, BF: 15.2 μg/mL, WR: 24.5 μg/mL;
H2O2; MEC: SC50 = 10.2 μg/mL, MED: 13.7 μg/mL, DEF: 19.8 μg/mL, EAF: 7.2 μg/mL, BF: 9.2 μg/mL, WR: 19.4 μg/mL		 DPPH; QU: EC50 = 1.63 μg/mL, TX: 4.34 μg/mL;
FRAP; QU: 36.02 mmol Fe2+/g, TX: 10.83 mmol Fe2+/g;
LA inhibition; QU: IC50 = 48.51 μg/mL, TX: 22.45 μg/mL;
O2•−; AA: SC50 = 13.9 μg/mL;
H2O2; QU: SC50 = 2.6 μg/mL		 [68]
ME: DPPH; results calculated per dw of the leaves; EC50 = 17.76 μg/mL (April), 18.17 μg/mL (May), 17.79 μg/mL (June), 17.34 μg/mL (July), 16.02 μg/mL (August), 15.00 μg/mL (September), 16.66 μg/mL (October);
FRAP; results calculated per dw of the leaves; 2.44 mmol Fe2+/g (April), 2.33 mmol Fe2+/g (May), 2.38 mmol Fe2+/g (June), 2.53 mmol Fe2+/g (July), 2.62 mmol Fe2+/g (August), 3.41 mmol Fe2+/g (September), 3.29 mmol Fe2+/g (October)		 DPPH; QU: EC50 = 1.63 μg/mL, TX: 4.34 μg/mL;
FRAP; QU: 36.02 mmol Fe2+/g, TX: 10.83 mmol Fe2+/g		 [67]
results calculated per dw of the extract:
DPPH; ME: EC50 = 6.77 μg/mL, EAE: 14.17 μg/mL, BE: 8.33 μg/mL;
FRAP; ME: 6.36 mmol Fe2+/g, EAE: 3.82 mmol Fe2+/g, BE: 4.41 mmol Fe2+/g;
TBARS; ME: IC50 = 8.46 μg/mL, EAE: 14.71 μg/mL, BE: 10.68 μg/mL;
O2•−; ME: SC50 = 26.33 μg/mL, EAE: 39.30 μg/mL, BE: 62.36 μg/mL;
OH•; ME: SC50 = 152.04 μg/mL, EAE: 480.77 μg/mL, BE: 236.51 μg/mL;
H2O2; ME: SC50 = 44.41 μg/mL, EAE: 83.32 μg/mL, BE: 43.25 μg/mL 		DPPH; QU: EC50 = 1.52 μg/mL, TX: 4.23 μg/mL;
FRAP; QU: 49.05 mmol Fe2+/g, TX: 12.56 mmol Fe2+/g;
TBARS; QU: IC50 = 1.69 μg/mL, TX: 4.58 μg/mL;
O2•−; QU: SC50 = 7.35 μg/mL, TX: 142.15 μg/mL;
OH•; QU: SC50 = 41.07 μg/mL, TX: 172.26 μg/mL;
H2O2; QU: SC50 = 6.96 μg/mL, TX: 15.76 μg/mL		 [60]
fMLP-stimulated human neutrophils
ROS; ME: level of ROS 75.9% (extract concentration 50 μg/mL), 21.5% (100 μg/mL), 5.7% (150 μg/mL)		 ROS; QU: 0.8% (25 μM)
methanolic dry extract:
DPPH: IC50 = 16.39 ppm; NBT/XO: 10.04%; DCF/AAPH: 9.79%		 AA; DPPH: IC50 = 5.16 ppm, NBT/XO: 22.29%, DCF/AAPH: 20.32%;
TX; DPPH: IC50 = 8.97 ppm, NBT/XO: 5.49%, DCF/AAPH: 24.16%;
QU; DPPH: IC50 = 6.09 ppm, NBT/XO: -, DCF/AAPH: -		 [130]
statistical analysis of diabetic symptoms treated with G. procumbens leaves by indigenous peoples (Iroquois, Ojibwa, Algonquin, Cree): back pain/kidneys, blood purifier/blood tonic, rheumatism/arthritis, headache, general medicine/physic − [131]
ethanol–water (90:10, v/v) extract from dry leaves:
DPPH: 87.69%;
ORAC: 1200 μM TX/g dw of the extract;
MDA: Caco-2 cells stimulated with H2O2 with the extract at a concentration of 25 μg/mL: after 24 h (113.1%), after 48 h (89.3%); with the extract at a concentration of 100 μg/mL: after 24 h (71.4%), after 48 h (107.1%)		 DPPH: −;
ORAC: −;
MDA: control—Caco-2 cells stimulated with H2O2 without the tested extract: after 24 h (100%), after 48 h (100%)		 [88]
UVA-irradiated human Hs68 dermal fibroblasts
ROS; ME: level of ROS 79.3% (extract concentration 5 μg/mL), 67.6% (10 μg/mL), 51.9% (25 μg/mL);
SOD; ME: % of enzyme activity 104.7% (extract concentration 5 μg/mL), 116.3% (10 μg/mL), 124.1% (25 μg/mL);
GST; ME: % of enzyme activity 108.8% (extract concentration 5 μg/mL), 122.0% (10 μg/mL), 131.8% (25 μg/mL)		 ROS; QU: 49.3% (25 μg/mL);
AA: 58.6% (25 μg/mL);
SOD; QU: 141.2% (25 μg/mL);
AA: 148.2% (25 μg/mL);
GST; QU: 113.9% (25 μg/mL);
AA: 119.9% (25 μg/mL)		 [89]
stems results calculated per dw of the extract:
DPPH; ME: EC50 = 6.42 μg/mL, BE: 6.62 μg/mL, AE: 5.67 μg/mL, WE: 8.90 μg/mL;
FRAP; ME: 6.01 mmol Fe2+/g, BE: 6.41 mmol Fe2+/g, AE: 7.65 mmol Fe2+/g, WE: 5.45 mmol Fe2+/g;
TBARS; ME: IC50 = 7.15 μg/mL, BE: 12.12 μg/mL, AE: 6.70 μg/mL, WE: 15.50 μg/mL;
O2•−; ME: SC50 = 26.54 μg/mL, BE: 34.49 μg/mL, AE: 22.44 μg/mL, WE: 25.48 μg/mL;
OH•; ME: SC50 = 152.79 μg/mL, BE: 178.96 μg/mL, AE: 149.24 μg/mL, WE: 153.66 μg/mL;
H2O2; ME: SC50 = 34.79 μg/mL, BE: 38.28 μg/mL, AE: 33.01 μg/mL, WE: 56.41 μg/mL 		DPPH; QU: EC50 = 1.65 μg/mL, TX: 4.31 μg/mL;
FRAP; QU: 47.09 mmol Fe2+/g, TX: 11.89 mmol Fe2+/g;
TBARS; QU: IC50 = 1.78 μg/mL, TX: 4.68 μg/mL;
O2•−; QU: SC50 = 7.58 μg/mL, TX: 135.24 μg/mL;
OH•; QU: SC50 = 42.48 μg/mL, TX: 165.45 μg/mL;
H2O2; QU: SC50 = 7.52 μg/mL, TX: 15.87 μg/mL		 [59]
fMLP-stimulated human neutrophils model
ROS; AE: level of ROS 49.7% (extract concentration 25 μg/mL), 28.8% (50 μg/mL), 10.5% (100 μg/mL), 6.2% (150 μg/mL)		 ROS; QU: 17.8% (25 μM), 7.8% (50 μM), 0.8% (75 μM)
UVA-irradiated human Hs68 dermal fibroblasts
ROS; AE: level of ROS 82.0% (extract concentration 5 μg/mL), 73.8% (10 μg/mL), 58.4% (25 μg/mL);
SOD; AE: % of enzyme activity 114.4% (extract concentration 5 μg/mL), 124.5% (10 μg/mL), 139.9% (25 μg/mL);
GST; AE: % of enzyme activity 104.6% (extract concentration 5 μg/mL), 113.6% (10 μg/mL), 125.4% (25 μg/mL)		 ROS; QU: 49.3% (25 μg/mL);
AA: 58.6% (25 μg/mL);
SOD; QU: 141.2% (25 μg/mL);
AA: 148.2% (25 μg/mL);
GST; QU: 113.9% (25 μg/mL);
AA: 119.9% (25 μg/mL)		 [89]
fruits results calculated per dw of the extract:
DPPH; ME: EC50 = 40.40 μg/mL, BE: 237.00 μg/mL, AE: 44.59 μg/mL, WE: 75.46 μg/mL;
FRAP; ME: 1.65 mmol Fe2+/g, BE: 0.93 mmol Fe2+/g, AE: 1.75 mmol Fe2+/g, WE: 0.99 mmol Fe2+/g;
TBARS; ME: IC50 = 56.67 μg/mL, BE: 251.68 μg/mL, AE: 37.41 μg/mL, WE: 71.84 μg/mL;
O2•−; ME: SC50 = 333.41 μg/mL, BE: 877.63 μg/mL, AE: 175.33 μg/mL, WE: 322.94 μg/mL;
OH•; ME: SC50 = 824.04 μg/mL, BE: 676.29 μg/mL, AE: 863.95 μg/mL, WE: 1150.67 μg/mL;
H2O2; ME: SC50 = 332.15 μg/mL, BE: 497.95 μg/mL, AE: 166.36 μg/mL, WE: 422.95 μg/mL		 DPPH; QU: EC50 = 1.65 μg/mL, TX: 4.31 μg/mL;
FRAP; QU: 47.09 mmol Fe2+/g, TX: 11.89 mmol Fe2+/g;
TBARS; QU: IC50 = 1.78 μg/mL, TX: 4.68 μg/mL;
O2•−; QU: SC50 = 7.58 μg/mL, TX: 135.24 μg/mL;
OH•; QU: SC50 = 42.48 μg/mL, TX: 165.45 μg/mL;
H2O2; QU: SC50 = 7.52 μg/mL, TX: 15.87 μg/mL		 [61]
fMLP-stimulated human neutrophils model
ROS; AE: level of ROS 83.8% (extract concentration 25 μg/mL), 72.1% (50 μg/mL), 55.2% (100 μg/mL), 35.5% (150 μg/mL)		 ROS; QU: 17.8% (25 μM)
dry extracts prepared with an aqueous citric acid solution at pH = 2.0:
DPPH; 87.55% (1–15 October 2006), 89.28% (2–30 October 2006), 85.88% (3–15 March 2007)		 − [30]
DPPH; CAE: 89.2%, liquid methanol–water extract (80:20, v/v): 92.3%;
ABTS; CAE: 47.7%, liquid methanol–water extract (80:20, v/v): 46.2%		 − [72]
UVA-irradiated human Hs68 dermal fibroblasts
ROS; AE: level of ROS 95.5% (extract concentration 5 μg/mL), 90.9% (10 μg/mL), 78.3% (25 μg/mL);
SOD; AE: % of enzyme activity 102.6% (extract concentration 5 μg/mL), 110.3% (10 μg/mL), 120.9% (25 μg/mL);
GST; AE: % of enzyme activity 107.6% (extract concentration 5 μg/mL), 116.9% (10 μg/mL), 127.8% (25 μg/mL)		 ROS; QU: 49.3% (25 μg/mL);
AA: 58.6% (25 μg/mL);
SOD; QU: 141.2% (25 μg/mL);
AA: 148.2% (25 μg/mL);
GST; QU: 113.9% (25 μg/mL);
AA: 119.9% (25 μg/mL)		 [89]
model compounds FRAP; QU: 14.23 mol/mol, MQ: 9.24 mol/mol, DGQ: 6.39 mol/mol, ECA: 10.39 mol/mol, PB2: 17.11 mol/mol, CB1: 16.30 mol/mol, CHA: 9.06 mol/mol, GT: 0.29 mol/mol;
O2•−; QU: SC50 = 25.08 μM, MQ: 32.55 μM, DGQ: 18.00 μM, ECA: 7.89 μM, PB2: 6.26 μM, CB1: 5.31 μM, CHA: 19.72 μM, GT: 1012.00 μM		 FRAP; AA: 3.97 mol/mol, TX: 2.98 mol/mol;
O2•−; AA: SC50 = 29.87 μM, TX: 540.33 μM		 [62]
fMLP-stimulated human neutrophils
ROS; MQ: level of ROS 71.1% (compound concentration 25 μM), 54.7% (50 μM), 36.8% (75 μM);
DGQ: 78.9% (25 μM), 65.6% (50 μM), 42.6% (75 μM);
ECA: 27.1% (25 μM), 14.9% (50 μM), 8.1% (75 μM);
PB2: 41.7% (25 μM), 30.6% (50 μM), 23.4% (75 μM);
CB1: 78.7% (25 μM), 54.1% (50 μM), 37.3% (75 μM);
CHA: 32.6% (25 μM), 23.0% (50 μM), 17.6% (75 μM);
GT: 78.5% (25 μM), 55.2% (50 μM), 47.7% (75 μM)		 ROS; QU: 48.2% (25 μM), 25.6% (50 μM), 20.4% (75 μM)
photoprotective activity
leaves UVA-irradiated human Hs68 dermal fibroblasts
cell viability after UVA-irradiation; ME: % of viable cells 105.2% (extract concentration 5 μg/mL), 110.4% (10 μg/mL), 115.4% (25 μg/mL);
DNA damage; ME: % of tail DNA 54.6% (5 μg/mL), 51.2% (10 μg/mL), 40.7% (25 μg/mL), 30.8% (50 μg/mL)		 cell viability after UVA-irradiation; QU: 115.6% (25 μg/mL); AA: 120.4% (25 μg/mL);
DNA damage; QU: 27.2% (25 μg/mL);
AA: 33.9% (25 μg/mL)		 [89]
stems UVA-irradiated human Hs68 dermal fibroblasts
cell viability after UVA-irradiation; AE: % of viable cells 109.8% (extract concentration 5 μg/mL), 115.9% (10 μg/mL), 119.8% (25 μg/mL);
DNA damage; AE: % of tail DNA 62.1% (5 μg/mL), 55.3% (10 μg/mL), 45.3% (25 μg/mL), 32.1% (50 μg/mL)
fruits UVA-irradiated human Hs68 dermal fibroblasts
cell viability after UVA-irradiation; AE: % of viable cells 99.5% (extract concentration 5 μg/mL), 105.3% (10 μg/mL), 109.3% (25 μg/mL);
DNA damage; AE: % of tail DNA 63.4% (5 μg/mL), 49.7% (10 μg/mL), 38.6% (25 μg/mL), 33.9% (50 μg/mL)

AA: ascorbic acid; DEX: dexamethasone; IND: indomethacin; HP: heparin; QU: quercetin; TX: Trolox® ((±)-6-hydroxy-2,2,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid); MEC/ME: methanol–water dry extract (75:25, v/v) obtained by direct extraction of the raw material with a solvent; MED: defatted methanol–water extract (75:25, v/v) obtained by preliminary extraction of the raw material with chloroform in a Soxhlet apparatus, followed by extraction with a methanol–water solution (75:25, v/v); DEF: diethyl ether fraction (fractionated extraction); EAF: ethyl acetate fraction (fractionated extraction); BF: n-butanol fraction (fractionated extraction); WR/WF: water residue/fraction (fractionated extraction); ME: methanol–water dry extract (75:25, v/v); EAE: ethyl acetate dry extract (direct extraction); BE: n-butanol dry extract (direct extraction); AE: acetone dry extract (direct extraction); WE: water dry extract (direct extraction); CAE: liquid extract prepared with 0.1 M aqueous citric acid; tests measuring the level of cytokine and pro-inflammatory enzymes release and ROS level by stimulated with LPS (bacterial lipopolysaccharide obtained from Escherichia coli O111:B4), fMLP (N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine) or fMLP + cytochalasin B human neutrophils isolated from buffy coats, including IL-8: interleukin 8; IL-1β: interleukin 1β; TNF-α: tumour necrosis factor α (tumour necrosis factor α); MMP-9: matrix methylproteinase 9; ELA-2: human elastase type 2; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule 1; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; Erk: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GST: glutathione S-transferase; HYAL: hyaluronidase inhibition assay; LOX: lipoxygenase inhibition assay; COX-2: cyclooxygenase 2 inhibition assay; DPPH: DPPH• radical scavenging test; FRAP: antioxidant activity expressed in millimoles of Fe2+ ions/g of tested extract or reference substance (ferric-reducing antioxidant power); LA inhibition: linoleic acid oxidation inhibition test; O2•−: superoxide radical anion scavenging test; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide reduction test; TBARS: linoleic acid oxidation inhibition test that measures the level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances produced; OH•: hydroxyl radical scavenging test; NBT/XO: hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase-generated superoxide anion scavenging test in the presence of nitrotetrazolium blue; DCF/AAPH: 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate fluorimetric test for scavenging peroxyl radicals (ROO•) resulting from the thermal decomposition of AAPH (2,2-azobis-(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride); ORAC: fluorimetric test for scavenging of peroxyl radicals (ROO•) formed as a result of thermal decomposition of AAPH (oxygen radical absorbance capacity); MDA: malonyldialdehyde assay using thiobarbituric acid and analysed on the Caco-2 cell line (Caucasian colon adenocarcinoma immortalised human colon adenocarcinoma cell line); ABTS: ABTS•+ cation scavenging test; IC50: concentration of a tested extract or reference substance, expressed in μg/mL or mg/mL, which reduces the enzyme activity or inhibits the oxidation of linolenic acid by 50% (inhibitory concentration); EC50: effective concentration of a tested extract or reference substance, expressed in μg/mL or mg/mL, which causes a 50% decrease in the radical concentration (effective concentration); SC50: concentration of a tested extract or reference substance, expressed in μg/mL or mg/mL, which causes a 50% radical scavenging (scavenging concentration).