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. 2023 Dec 20;25(1):94. doi: 10.3390/ijms25010094

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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External validation of an IPF-fibroblast-related prognostic signature. (A) Boxplots depict the IPF-fibroblast-related genes (IFRGs) score levels in lung tissue of patients with IPF (n = 131) and normal controls (n = 39). Results are expressed as means ± SD (*** p < 0.001 vs. control). (B) A The heatmap of gene expression clusters for 131 IPF samples by unsupervised NMF illustrates two distinct expression patterns. (C) Box plots show the differences in diffusion lung capacity for CO (% DLCO) between two clusters (means ± SD; *** p < 0.001 vs. IPF_subtype 1). (D) Univariate Cox analysis of 11 IFRGs encoding secretory proteins associated with overall survival. (E) The risk score distribution, patient status, and mRNA expression heatmaps of the prognostic five-gene risk signature. (F) Kaplan–Meier curves for patients with high- or low-risk scores. (G–K) Kaplan–Meier survival analyses of IPF patients based on the expression of the identified genes.