Table 3.
ICE effects on adipose genes and proteins.
| Year | First Author |
Citation | ICE Outcomes | Model |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1984 | Harri | [22] | ↑Citrate synthase in BAT, ↑cytochrome C oxidase in BAT | Rats |
| 1988 | Deshaies | [20] | ↔eWAT LPL | Rats |
| 1989 | Yahata | [23] | ↑BAT glucagon | Rats |
| 2014 | Yoo | [25] | ↑iWAT Ucp1 and UCP1, ↑BAT UCP1, ↑eWAT lipogenic gene expression (Scd1, Lpl, Pparγ) | Mice |
| 2014 | Qiao | [26] | Adipoq−/−: ↑iWAT UCP1 | Mice |
| 2014 | Ravussin | [27] | Cohort 1 (1 or 4 h ICE): ↑BAT Ucp1 (4 h), ↑BAT Pgc1α (4 h), ↓serum leptin (4 h) Cohort 2 (4 or 8 h ICE): ↑BAT UCP1 (4 & 8 h) |
Mice |
| 2015 | Wang | [29] | ↑sWAT UCP1 and PGC1α, ↔BAT UCP1 (trended↑) | Mice |
| 2015 | Bai | [30] | ↑BAT thermogenic gene expression (Pgc1α, Dio2, Cidea) and adipogenic gene expression (Adipoq, Cebpα, Pparγ, Fabp4), ↑pericardial WAT thermogenic gene expression (Ucp1 and Pgc1α), ↑pericardial WAT UCP1 staining and mito activity genes (Cox8 and ATP5α), ↔serum leptin | Platue Pika (Rodent) |
| 2019 | Presby | [36] | ↑sWAT Dio2, ↑sWAT UCP1, ↑BAT Dio2, ↑BAT UCP1 | Obese Mice Caloric Restriction During ICE 24 h ad libitum after ICE |
| 2021 | Zhang | [37] | ↑peri-ovarian adipose thermogenic gene expression (Ucp1, PGC1α, Prdm16, Fndc5) | Rats |
| 2023 | Weng | [39] | ↔iWAT ATGL activity, ↑iWAT LPL activity | Obese Rats |
Legend: increased (↑), no change (↔), decreased (↓), cold exposure (CE), intermittent cold exposure (ICE), white adipose tissue (WAT), epididymal WAT (eWAT), inguinal WAT (iWAT), subcutaneous WAT (sWAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), steroyl-CoA desaturase 1 (Scd1, mRNA), lipoprotein lipase (LPL, protein; Lpl, mRNA), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparγ, mRNA), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1, protein; Ucp1, mRNA), PPARG coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α, protein; Pgc1α, mRNA), iodothyronine deiodinase 2 (Dio2, mRNA), cell-death-inducing DFFA like effector a (Cidea, mRNA), adiponectin (Adipoq, mRNA), CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein alpha (Cebpα, mRNA), fatty-acid-binding protein 4 (Fabp4, mRNA), cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8A (Cox8, mRNA), ATP synthase F1 subunit alpha (Atp5α, mRNA), PR domain-containing 16 (Prdm16, mRNA), fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (Fndc5, mRNA), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL, protein).