Table 4.
ICE effects on systemic factors.
| Year | First Author |
Citation | ICE Outcomes | Model |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1988 | Deshaies | [20] | ↓serum cholesterol, ↔HDL | Rats |
| 1989 | Yahata | [23] | ↑plasma glucagon, ↑corticosterone | Rats |
| 2014 | Yoo | [25] | ↔IS, ↑liver TGs and hepatic TG release, ↑DNL | Mice |
| 2014 | Ravussin | [27] | cohort 1 (1 or 4 h ICE): ↑BAT glucose uptake cohort 2 (4 or 8 h ICE): ↑FFA (4 & 8 h), ↓insulin |
Mice |
| 2014 | Blondin | [28] | ↓BG, ↓cortisol | Humans |
| 2015 | Wang | [29] | ↑glucose tolerance, ↑insulin sensitivity | Mice |
| 2015 | Bai | [30] | ↔serum glucose, ↔serum TG | Platue Pika (Rodent) |
| 2015 | Hanssen | [31] | ↑IS, ↑GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle | Humans (Overweight,T2D, Males) |
| 2016 | Gibas-Dorna | [32] | ↑IS during the portion of the winter swimming season where water temperature was <8 °C | Humans |
| 2016 | Hanssen | [34] | ↑skeletal muscle glucose uptake during ICE, ↑GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle | Humans (Obese) |
| 2017 | Blondin | [35] | ↔FG | Humans |
| 2021 | Soberg | [16] | winter swimmers had ↓plasma glucose during IGTT | Humans |
| 2022 | McKie | [38] | ↑glucose tolerance, ↑insulin and c-peptide in response to glucose, ↔IS | Obese Mice |
| 2023 | Weng | [39] | ↔BG, ↔insulin, ↓HOMA-IR, ↔FFA | Obese Rats |
Legend: increased (↑), no change (↔), decreased (↓), intermittent cold exposure (ICE), brown adipose tissue (BAT), high density lipoproteins (HDL), insulin sensitivity (IS), triglyceride (TG), de novo lipogenesis (DNL), blood glucose (BG), fasting glucose (FG), intravenous glucose tolerance test (IGTT), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), free fatty acid (FFA).