Table 5.
Combined effects of ICE and exercise.
| Year | First Author |
Citation | Intervention | Outcomes | Model |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1986 | Arnold | [19] | ICE | ↓BW, ↓FFM, ↓FM, ↑BAT, ↑EE, ↑EI | Rats |
| Ex | ↓↓BW, ↓FFM, ↓BAT, ↓↓FM, ↔EE, ↓EI | ||||
| ICE + Ex | ↓↓BW, ↓FFM, ↓↓FM, ↔BAT, ↓EI, ↔EE | ||||
| 1988 | Deshaies | [20] | ICE | ↓BW, ↓eWAT, ↑BAT, ↑EI, ↔TG, ↓Cholesterol | Rats |
| Ex | ↓↓BW, ↓↓eWAT, ↔BAT, ↓EI, ↓TG, ↔Cholesterol | ||||
| ICE + Ex | ↓↓BW, ↓↓eWAT, ↔BAT, ↓EI, ↓TG, ↔Cholesterol | ||||
| 2023 | Weng | [39] | ICE | ↔sWAT (trend↑), ↑sWAT LPL activity, ↑muscle PGC1α, ↑muscle p38MAPK | Obese Rats |
| Ex | ↔sWAT, ↑sWAT LPL activity, ↑muscle PGC1α, ↑muscle p38MAPK | ||||
| ICE + Ex | ↔sWAT, ↑↑sWAT LPL activity |
Legend: increased (↑), significantly increased compared to ↑ (↑↑), no change (↔), decreased (↓), significantly decreased compared to ↓ (↓↓), treadmill running exercise (Ex), Ex during ICE (ICE + Ex), intermittent cold exposure (ICE), body weight (BW), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), epididymal WAT (eWAT), subcutaneous WAT (sWAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), energy expenditure (EE), energy intake (EI), triglyceride (TG), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), PPARG coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α, protein), mammalian p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK, protein).