Table 1.

Overview of ACAA targets and current evidence. ACAA, Anti-cytokine auto-antibody; APECED, Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy; COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019; GM-CSF, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HIV, Human immunodeficiency virus; IFN, Interferon; IL, Interleukin; NTM, Non-tuberculous mycobacteria.

Disease	ACAA Target	Evidence	Future Directions for Research
Bacterial
Tuberculosis	IFNγ	Case reports	Define role in larger cohorts
	GM-CSF/IL-12	Case reports	Define role in larger cohorts
NTM	IFNγ	Proven in larger cohort studies	Therapeutic interventions
	GM-CSF	Case reports	Define role in larger cohorts
Nocardia	GM-CSF	Clear association in PAP patients Only case reports in non-PAP patients	Define role in larger cohorts and provide long-term follow-up data
Viral
Herpes simplex/zoster	Type I and II IFNs	Multiple case reports	Define role in larger cohorts
HIV	IFNγ	Two older cohort studies	Evaluate ACAAs in a new cohort
COVID-19	IFNα and -ω	Large cohort studies No effect of IFNβ supplementation	Therapeutic interventions
Fungal
Candida (in APECED/APS1)	IL-17/IL-22/IFNα	Shown in several cohort studies	Therapeutic interventions
Cryptococcosis (especially C. gattii, but also C. neoformans)	GM-CSF	Shown in small cohort studies	Define role in larger cohorts and provide long-term follow-up data
	IFNγ	Case reports	Define role in larger cohorts
Histoplasmosis	IFNγ/GM-CSF	Case reports	Define role in larger cohorts
Talaromycosis	IFNγ	Proven in cohort studies	Therapeutic interventions
Parasites
Toxoplasmosis	IFNγ	Two case reports	Define role in larger cohorts