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. 2023 Dec 28;25(1):425. doi: 10.3390/ijms25010425

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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CSF-CXCL13 as an activity parameter in multiple sclerosis and related diseases with (a) clinical and (b) radiographic relapse symptoms. The 98 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), optic neuritis (ON), clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease (NMOSD) were categorized according to clinical relapse symptoms (R+/−) and contrast-enhancing (CE+/−) T1 lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by location. CXCL13 levels in the CSF were compared between MS/ON/CIS/NMOSD patients with and without (a) clinical or (b) radiographic relapse symptoms. Data are represented as boxplots with interquartile range (bars), whiskers (dotted lines), medians (horizontal lines), and outliers (open circles). The Mann-–Whitney U test was used to compare the two groups in (a,b). p-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. (a) p = 0.001; (b) p < 0.001.