Figure 1.

PTPN6 gene structure and regulation of SHP-1 expression. (A) Schematic diagram of the SHP-1 gene (PTPN6). The PTPN6 has 17 exons; promoters 1 and promoter 2 are located in exon 1 and exon 2, respectively. Promoter 1 and 2 are mainly active in epithelial and hematopoietic cells, respectively. (B) The epigenetic regulatory mechanism regulating SHP-1 expression. JAK induces phosphorylation of STAT3 (pSTAT3), and the pSTAT3 forms a dimer and induces the transcription of DNMT3B.The methylation of the SHP-1 promoter region via DNMT and H3L9 acetylation (Ac) via histone acetyltransferases can down- and upregulate SHP-1 expression, respectively. USF—upstream stimulatory factor; DNMT—DNA methyltransferases; HDAC—histone deacetylase; 5-AZA—5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine.