Table 2.
Natural compound-mediated STAT3 inhibition through SHP-1 induction.
| Compound | Source | Cancer Type | Remarks | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guggulsterone | Commiphora mukul | Myeloma | Guggulsterone suppressed the expression of STAT3-associated antiapoptotic gene products and enhanced the anticancer effects of bortezomib. | [105,106] |
| Morin |
Moraceae family |
Myeloma | The number and position of hydroxyl groups in the B ring of flavonols are important inhibitors of STAT3 activation. | [107] |
| Genipin | Gardenia | Myeloma | Genipin effectively enhanced the cytotoxic effects of anticancer drugs such as bortezomib, thalidomide, and paclitaxel. | [108] |
| Capillarisin (CPS) |
Artemisia capillaries | Myeloma | CPS induced cell cycle arrest in the sub-G1 phase and enhanced the anticancer effects of bortezomib. | [109] |
| Ergosterol peroxide (EP) | Ganoderma lucidum | Myeloma | EP inhibited the growth of U266 cells inoculated into female BALB/c mice and effectively reduced STAT3 activity and CD34 expression. | [110] |
| Icariside II | Epimedium koreanum | Myeloid leukemia | SHP-1 inhibition using siRNA significantly blocked icariside II-induced STAT3 inactivation and apoptosis in U937 cells. | [111] |
| Honokiol (HNK) | Magnolia officinalis | Myeloid leukemia | HNK induces the expression of SHP-1 by increasing the expression of its related transcription factor, PU.1. | [112] |
| Zerumbone | Zingiber zerumbet | Renal cell carcinoma | Zerumbone inhibited growth of human RCC xenograft tumors and STAT3 activation in athymic nu/nu mice. | [113,114] |
| α-mangostin (α-MGT) |
Mangosteen | Hepatocellular carcinoma | α-MGT exhibited anti-HCC effects by inhibiting SHP-1 degradation induced by the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. | [115] |
| Emodin | Rheum palmatum | Hepato cellular carcinoma (HCC) |
Emodin inhibited human HCC orthotopic tumor growth and STAT3 activation in athymic male nu/nu mice. | [116] |
| Plumbagin | Plumbago zeylanica | Gastric cancer | Plumbagin not only induced apoptosis but also inhibited gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. | [82] |
| Allicin | Garlic | Cholangiocarcinoma(CCA) | Allicin inhibited CCA cell migration, invasion, and EMT and induced cell death. It also attenuated CCA tumor growth in a nude mouse model. | [83] |
| 1′-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA) | Languas galanga | Breast cancer | ACA potently inhibited osteolysis in a mouse breast cancer skeletal metastasis model through the SHP-1/STAT3/MMPs signaling pathway. | [81] |
| Pectolinarigenin | Cirsium chanroenicum | Osteosarcoma | Pectolinarigenin interfered with the STAT3/DNMT1/HDAC1 complex formation at the SHP-1 promoter. | [117] |