Table 2.
Treatment effects reported in the primary studies (using first [or only] data collection time point for each study).
| Study name | Year | Cohen’s d | SE | N | Study design | Single or multiple incident | Single or multiple debrief | Area of employment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Campfield and Hills (2001) (delayed debrief) | 2001 | −0.71 | 0.32 | 41 | Before-and-after study | Single | Single | Fast food, hotel, petrol service station, rail, video store |
| Campfield and Hills (2001) (immediate debrief) | 2001 | −3.89 | 0.57 | 36 | Before-and-after study | Single | Single | Fast food, hotel, petrol service station, rail, video store |
| Richards (2001) | 2001 | −1.86 | 0.28 | 75 | Before-and-after study | Single | Single | Finance |
| Ruck et al. (2013) | 2013 | −0.61 | 0.28 | 55 | Before-and-after study | Single | Single | Prison staff |
| Tehrani et al. (2001) | 2001 | 2.17 | 0.67 | 12 | Before-and-after study | Single | Single | Supermarket |
| Carlier et al. (1998) | 1998 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 105 | Non-randomised controlled trial/experiment | Single | Single | Emergency services |
| Carlier et al. (2000) | 2000 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 168 | Non-randomised controlled trial/experiment | Single | Multiple | Emergency services |
| Chemtob et al. (1997) | 1997 | −1.29 | 0.34 | 43 | Non-randomised controlled trial/experiment | Single | Single | Disaster workers |
| Deahl et al. (1994) | 1994 | −0.19 | 0.27 | 62 | Non-randomised controlled trial/experiment | Multiple | Single | Military |
| Eid et al. (2001) | 2001 | −0.64 | 0.48 | 18 | Non-randomised controlled trial/experiment | Single | Single | Military and emergency services |
| Harris et al. (2002) | 2002 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 660 | Non-randomised controlled trial/experiment | Single | Single | Emergency services |
| Humphries and Carr (2001) | 2001 | −0.79 | 0.39 | 34 | Non-randomised controlled trial/experiment | Single | Single | Finance, retail, hospital emergency |
| Kenardy et al. (1996) | 1996 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 195 | Non-randomised controlled trial/experiment | Single | Both | Emergency services and disaster workers |
| Matthews (1998) | 1998 | −0.12 | 0.30 | 63 | Non-randomised controlled trial/experiment | Single | Single | Care workers |
| Regehr and Hill (2001) | 2000 | 0.35 | 0.20 | 127 | Non-randomised controlled trial/experiment | Single | Single | Emergency services |
| Shoval-Zuckerman (2015) | 2015 | −0.52 | 0.16 | 166 | Non-randomised controlled trial/experiment | Multiple | Single | Military |
| Wee et al. (1999) | 1999 | −0.49 | 0.26 | 65 | Non-randomised controlled trial/experiment | Multiple | Single | Emergency services |
| Adler et al. (2008) | 2008 | −0.10 | 0.10 | 382 | Randomised controlled trial/experiment | Multiple | Single | Military |
| Adler et al. (2009) | 2009 | −0.21 | 0.09 | 514 | Randomised controlled trial/experiment | Multiple | Single | Military |
| Grundlingh et al. (2017) | 2017 | 0.62 | 0.28 | 52 | Randomised controlled trial/experiment | Multiple | Multiple | Violence researchers |
| Tuckey and Scott (2014) | 2014 | 0.15 | 0.32 | 39 | Randomised controlled trial/experiment | Single | Single | Emergency services |
| Wu et al. (2012) | 2012 | −0.03 | 0.07 | 832 | Randomised controlled trial/experiment | Single | Single | Military |