Table 2.
Successful examples of anthocyanin production from scale-up cultures.
| Plant Species | Type of Culture | Medium Composition | Strategy Followed | Response | Total Anthocyanin Content | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aralia cordata | Cell suspension in 500-L jar fermenters (Stirred tank bioreactors) | MS medium with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D, 0.1 mg KN and 30 g/L sucrose | The combined effect of airflow (0.2 vvm), CO2 (0.3%), and agitation (30 rpm) was evaluated | Anthocyanin content was 15.0% on a DW basis | 17.2% DW (7.87 g/kg FW) | [113] |
| Daucus carota | Cell suspension cultures in 3.5-L (Stirred tank bioreactor) | MS medium with 11.4 µM IAA, 0.9 µM KN | The effect of salt stress (37.6 mM KnO3 and 20.0 mM NH4NO3) was tested | Enhanced AP was recorded | 404 µg/g FW | [42] |
| Nicotiana tabacum | Cell culture in 2 L bioreactors (Stirred tank bioreactors) | LS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-D and 100 mg/L kanamycin | Transgenic cell line containing AmDel/AmRos1 | Enhanced AP was recorded | 90 mg/L | [12] |
| Perilla frutescens | Cell suspension culture in 2-L capacity (Stirred tank bioreactor) |
LS medium with 30 g/L sucrose, 10−6 M 2,4-D, and 10−6 M BA | The effect of oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa) was tested The effect of light irradiation was evaluated |
With aeration of 0.2 vvm, the AP was 220 mg/g DW and 1.65 g/L The light irradiation enhanced a a two-fold increase in AP when compared to dark incubation |
250 mg/g DW | [53] |
| Vaccinium pahalae | Cell suspension culture in 14-L(Stirred tank bioreactors) | Woody plant medium with 5.4 µM NAA, 0.45 µM 2,4-D, 20 µM BA, and 5% sucrose | The effect of agitation was evaluated | The effect of light was studied and cultures were exposed to light 40 µmol m−2 s−1 PPF and cultures were agitated at 150 rpm |
75 mg/L | [114] |
| Vitis vinifera cell line VVG101 | Cell suspension in 17-L column bioreactors (Stirred tank bioreactors) | B5 medium with 10 g/L sucrose, 250 mg casein hydrolysate, 0.1 mg/L NAA and 0.2 mg/L KN | The effect of the reciprocating plate system was tested on airflow conditions | Biomass accumulation was verified |
NR | [115] |
| Vitis vanifera cv. Bailye alicant A | Callus culture in 500-mL bioreactors (Airlift bioreactors) | B5 medium with 30 g/L sucrose, 1 mg/L 2,4-D | The effect of osmoticum (0.8% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt) was tested | The average callus size was 490 µm, which was 1.6 times larger than that of conventional medium |
33 mg/L | [116] |
AP—Anthocyanin production; 2,4-D—2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid; B5—Gamborg B5 medium; BA—benzyladenine; KN—kinetin; MS—Murashige and Skoog medium; NAA—naphthalene acetic acid; vvm—air volume/medium volume/minute.