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. 2023 Dec 25;16(1):65. doi: 10.3390/nu16010065

Figure 3.

Figure 3

The effect of instant cascara (IC) beverage on gastrointestinal transit of male and female rats was evaluated radiographically after barium administration. Gastrointestinal motility was evaluated in four experimental groups, distributed according to sex and the administered beverage (IC or water): Males-Control, Males-IC, Females-Control, and Females-IC. The values obtained at each time point in the semiquantitative analysis for the stomach (A), small intestine (B), cecum (C), and colorectum (D) are depicted, as well as the number of fecal pellets within the colorectum (E). Representative X-rays obtained at T2, T4, T8, and T24 from control males (blue frame, upper panel) and control females (red frame, lower panel) are shown in (F). Data represent mean ± SEM (standard error of the mean). n = 12 animals per group. Sex-dependent statistically significant changes: # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001, #### p < 0.0001 (Females-Control vs. Males-Control); $ p < 0.05, $$ p < 0.01 $$$ p < 0.001, $$$$ p < 0.0001 (Females-IC vs. Males-IC). Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post-hoc test.