Table 3.
Summary of the main chemical components of different Daucus carota subspecies from different countries of origin (percentages > 3% were reported).
| Daucus carota ssp. | Plant Organ | Country | Main Components | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| carota | Umbels | Lebanon | β-2-himachalen-6-ol (33%), α-longipinene (3.22–15.87%), methyl linoleate (8.26%), (E)-methylisoeugenol (2.21–7.92%), 2-butanone (5.95%), α-Selinene (4.53–5.69%), Elemicin (4.03–4.93%), β-Asarone (4.07%), β Himachalene (2.24–4.63%), n-hexadecanoic acid (3.72%), humulene (3.27%), himachala-1,4-diene (3.09%), β-Bisabolene (1.76–3.78%) |
[37,64,65] |
| Flowering umbels | Portugal | α-Pinene (37.9%), geranyl acetate (15%), (E)-caryophyllene (4.9%), β-Pinene (3.5%), | [6] | |
| Umbels with ripe seeds | Geranyl acetate (65%), α-Pinene (13%) | |||
| Flowering umbels | Italy | Carotol (25.1%), 11αH-himachal-4-en-1-β-ol (21.6%), β-bisabolene (17.6%), elemicin (6.4%) | ||
| Umbels with ripe seeds | β-bisabolene (51%), (E)-methyl isoeugenol (10%), 11αH-himachal-4-en-1-β-ol (9%), elemicin (5.2%), α-longipinene (3.1%) | |||
| Ripe umbels | Portugal | Geranyl acetate (29%), α-Pinene (27.2%), Limonene (9%), 11αH-Himachal-4-en-1-β-ol (9.2%), Carotol (6.2%), β-Pinene (4.5%) | [66] | |
| Ripe umbels with mature seeds | Tunisia | Carotol (3.5–55.7%), Elemecin (1.4–35.3%), 11αH-Himachal-4-en-1-β-ol (12.7–17.4%), Sabinene (12–14.5%), α-Selinene (7.4–8.6%), Eudesm-7(11)-en-4-ol (8.2–8.5%), β-Bisabolene (5.5–7.6%), (Z)-β-Farnesene (1.6–5%), (E)-α-Bergamotene (0.2–3.8%) | [9] | |
| Herbs | Poland | Sabinene (30.1%), α-Pinene (30%), Terpinen-4-ol (6.1%), limonene (5.3%), myrcene (5.2%) | [8] | |
| Flowering Umbels | α-Pinene (42%), Sabinene (19.5%), limonene (3.7%), myrcene (3.1%) | |||
| Mature Umbels | Sabinene (40.5%), α-Pinene (17.2%), geranyl acetate (16.5%), Terpinen-4-ol (4.9%), | |||
| Aerial parts | France | (E)-methylisoeugenol (21.8–33%), β-Bisabolene (4.4–21.3%), Elemicin (11.4–16.3%), α-Pinene (15.9–24.9%), Sabinene (2.7–3.7%), Myrcene (2–3.5%), α-Terpinen-4-ol (0.5–3.5%) | [5,7] | |
| Flowers | Algeria | α-Pinene (10.9%), α-Asarone (9.8%), β-Bisabolene (7.6%), β-Caryophyllene (7.1%), Sabinene (7%), Daucol (3.2%), Limonene (3%) | [67] | |
| Leaves + Stems | α-Pinene (10.6%), α-Asarone (9.4%), β-Bisabolene (9.3%), Sabinene (7.2%), Carotol (6.8%), E-α-Bisabolene (6.3%), Daucol (5.3%), β-Caryophyllene (4.3%), Limonene (4%) | |||
| Aerial parts | α-Pinene (21.3%), α-Asarone (18.4%), β-Bisabolene (7.3%), Sabinene (6.5%), Limonene (6.4%), Carotol (3.5%), Terpinen-4-ol (3.5%), β-Caryophyllene (3.3%), E-α-Bisabolene (3.2%) | |||
| Leaves | α-Pinene (27.44%), sabinene (25.34%), Germacrene D (16.33%) |
[68] | ||
| Seeds | Geranyl acetate (52.45%), Cedrone S (14.04%), Asarone (11.39%), β-bisobolene (4.83%), Ar-himachalene (3.54%) | |||
| Ripe fruits | Serbia | Sabinene (27.16%), α-pinene (21.3%), α-muurolene (8.23%), β-caryophyllene (6.82%), α-ylangene (5.21%), β-Pinene (3.9%) | [69] | |
| Unripe fruits | α-muurolene (10.97%), sabinene (10.67%), caryophyllene oxide (7.7%), α-amorphene (7.57%), α-pinene (7.05%), carotol (6.15%), dimenone (5.28%), α-ylangene (4.88%), | |||
| Flowers | α-Pinene (51.23%), Limonene (9.59%), Sabinene (8.62%), β-Myrcene (7.18%), Terpinen-4-ol (3.48%), β-Pinene (3.35%) | |||
| Roots | Sabinene (36.39%), α-Pinene (24.56%), Limonene (6.53%), β-Pinene (5.39%) | |||
| Leaves | α-Pinene (30.83%), Limonene (8.6%), β-Myrcene (5.6%), Germacrene D (4.56%) | |||
| Stems | α-Pinene (18.53%), α-Bisabolol (6.02%), Limonene (5.74%), β-Myrcene (3.4%), Sabinene (3.23%) | |||
| Fruits | Portugal | Geranyl acetate (28.7–65%), α-Pinene (13–27.1%), 11αH-Himachal-4-en-1-β-ol (0.5–9.4%), Limonene (1.2–9%), β-Pinene (2.3–4.5%) | [70] | |
| Roots | Vienna | α-Terpinolene (26.2–56.3%), β-Pinene (4.1–8.2%), p-Cymene (2.7–7.4%), Sabinene (5.6–5.9%), γ-terpinene (0.9–5.6%), Limonene (5.5%), Myristicin (4.9–5.1%) | [1] | |
| Leaves | α-Pinene (20.9–44.8%), Sabinene (11.3–19.5%), Germacrene D (4.9–14%), Limonene (3.9–12.7%), Myrcene (4–11.2%), β-Pinene (1.3–5.9%), Caryophyllene (1.2–3.7%) | |||
| Fruits | Sabinene (21.5–46.6%), α-Pinene (23.5–30.4%), Geranyl acetate (3.9–28.1%), β-Pinene (3–13.1%), α-Thujene (1–8.8%), γ-terpinene (0.3–4.1%), Myrcene (3.4–3.9%) | |||
| Seeds | Lithuania | Sabinene (28.2–37.5%), α-Pinene (16–24.5%), Terpinen-4-ol (5–6%), γ-terpinene (2.9–6%), Limonene (3–4.2%) | [61] | |
| Leaves | Uzbekistan | Carotol (68.3%), Daucene (5%), trans-β-Farnesene (3.7%), β-Bisabolene (3.3%), α-Pinene (3.1%) | [71] | |
| Flowers | Carotol (68.8%), Daucene (4.7%), Daucol (3.4%), trans-β-Farnesene (3.3%) | |||
| Petals | Carotol (78.3%) | |||
| Fruits | Carotol (69.8%), Daucene (9%), trans-α-Bergamotene (4.7%), trans-β-Farnesene (3.7%) | |||
| Umbels | United States | α-Pinene (33.02%), β-Pinene (25.77%), Borneol (10.4%), Myrcene (6.41%), Limonene (5.34%), γ-terpinene (4.97%) | [72] | |
| maximus | Ripe and mature fruits | Egypt | (E)-methylisoeugenol (37.22%), β-bisabolene (34.7%), β-Asarone (17.65%) | [2] |
| Leaf | Preisocalamendiol (17.95%), Shyobunone (16.84%), β-Cubebene (12.72%), Tridecane (3.411%), Linalool (3.34%), (E)-2-Nonenal (3.22%) | |||
| Stem | Preisocalamendiol (32.69%), Shyobunone (24.33%), α-Pinene (4.37%), β-Cubebene (3.55%) | |||
| Fruits | Portugal | α-Pinene (10–25.9%), α-Asarone (5.8–25.8%), Geranyl acetate (3.4–16%), β-bisabolene (8.3–15.1%), (E)-methylisoeugenol (8.2–15.7%), Elemicin (4.9–13.6%), β-Pinene (4–6.8%), Limonene (1.8–3.3%) [73] | [70] | |
| Ripe umbels | Portugal | α-Pinene (22.2%), Geranyl acetate (16%), β-bisabolene (11.5%), α-asarone (9.8%), (E)-methylisoeugenol (8%), Elemicin (6%), β-Pinene (5.8%) | [74] | |
| Green seeds | Italy | Carotol (44.68%), β-bisabolene (12.72%), Isoelemicin (11.51%), Geranyl acetate (4.36%) | [75] | |
| maritimus | Flowers | Tunisia | Sabinene (51.6%), Terpinen-4-ol (11%), p-Cymene (4.2%), Eudesm-6-en-4α-ol (3.6%) | [76] |
| Roots | Dillapiole (46.6%), Myristicin (29.7%), Limonene (3.6%) | |||
| major | Flowers | Italy | α-Pinene (24.4%), Sabinene (13.3%), Geranyl acetate (13%), epi-α-Cadinol (8.5%), Myrcene (4.8%), β-Oplopenone (4.3%) | [62] |
| Fruits | Geranyl acetate (34.2%), α-Pinene (12.9%), Geraniol (6.9%), Myrcene (4.7%), epi-α-Bisabolol (4.5%), Sabinene (3.3%) | |||
| halophilus | Flowering Umbels | Portugal | Sabinene (28.3–33.8%), α-Pinene (12.6–16%), Limonene (11–11.8%), (E)-methylisoeugenol (0.7–7.4%), Elemicin (5.9–6.2%), β-Bisabolene (0.4–5.3%), Terpinene-4-ol (4.1–4.8%), Myrcene (3.2–4.7%), β-Pinene (2.3–5.1%) | [73] |
| Ripe Umbels | Elemicin (26–31%), Sabinene (27.6–29%), α-Pinene (10.1–12.2%), Limonene (5.5–6.5%), (E)-methylisoeugenol (0.5–6.9%) | |||
| Fruits | Elemicin (15–31%), Sabinene (9–29%), α-Pinene (12.2–23%), Limonene (5.5–12%), (E)-methylisoeugenol (0.5–7.4%), Terpinen-4-ol (2–4.7%) | [70] | ||
| hispanicus | Roots | Algeria | Apiole (80.3%), Myristicin (16.6%) | [77] |
| Aerial parts | Myristicin (73.2%), Epiglobulol (5.1%), Germacrene D (3.1%) | |||
| Stems | Myristicin (66.9%), α-Thujene (4.3%) | |||
| Leaves | Myristicin (80.2%), Epiglobulol (3.1%) | |||
| Flowers | Myristicin (83.8%), Germacrene D (6.4%) | |||
| gummifer | Fruits | Spain | Geranyl acetate (51.74–76.95%), Sabinene (4.42–11.13%), Terpinen-4-ol (0.93–8.17%), Linalool (3.97–5.18%) [78] | [78] |
| Portugal | Geranyl acetate (18–55%), α-Pinene (11–31%), Carotol (5–15%), Sabinene (2.1–10%), Limonene (5.8–9%), Germacrene D (2–5.5%), β-Pinene (3.8–5.2%), Myrcene (2.1–3.7%) | [73] | ||
| Ripe umbels | Portugal | Geranyl acetate (37%), Limonene (5.8%), α-Pinene (30.9%), β-Pinene (3.8%) | [24] | |
| hispidus | Aerial parts | Tunisia | (4R)-1-p-menthen-6,8-diol, 1-p-menthen-4,7-diol, (1R,2R,4R)-p-menthane-1,2,4-triol, β-sitosterol 3-O-glucoside (abundance not specified) [79] | [79] |