Table 7.
In vitro antifungal effects of D. carota subspecies.
| DC Subspecies | Plant Organ, Location | Treatment | Detail | Concentration/MICs | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| carota | Ripe and unripe fruits, flowers, roots, leaves, and stems; Serbia | Essential oil (hydrodistillation) | Inhibitory effects against Fulvia fulvum; | MIC = 2.0–100.0 μL/mL | [69] |
| Inhibitory effects against Trichoderma viride; | MIC = 25.0–100.0 μL/mL | ||||
| Inhibitory effects against Aspergillus ochraceus. | MIC = 10.0–150.0 μL/mL | ||||
| Herbs and umbels, Poland | Inhibitory effects against Candida albicans; | MIC = 5 μL/mL | [8] | ||
| Inhibitory effects against Penicillium expansum. | MIC = 8 μL/mL | ||||
| Umbels, Tunisia | Inhibitory effects against clinical strains of Candida albicans and C. tropicalis 1011 RM. | MIC > 2.5% (v/v) | [9] | ||
| Ripe umbels, Portugal | Inhibitory effects against Cryptococcus neoformans; | MIC = 0.16 μL/mL | [66] | ||
| Inhibitory effects against dermatophytes; | MIC = 0.32–0.64 μL/mL | ||||
| Inhibitory effects against C. guilliermondii. | MIC = 0.32 μL/mL | ||||
| Fruits, Uzbekistan |
Inhibitory effects against Candida albicans. | MIC = 12 μL/mL | [71] | ||
| Blooming and flowering umbels, Sardinia Islands and Portugal | Essential oil (hydrodistillation) and supercritical CO2 extracts | Portugal: | [6] | ||
| Inhibitory effects against Cryptococcus neoformans; | MIC = 0.32–0.64 μL/mL | ||||
| Inhibitory effects against dermatophytes. | MIC = 1.25–2.5 μL/mL | ||||
| Italy: | |||||
| Inhibitory effects against Cryptococcus neoformans; | MIC = 0.32 μL/mL | ||||
| Inhibitory effects against dermatophytes. | MIC = 0.16–0.32 μL/mL | ||||
| gummifer | Aerial parts, Portugal | Essential oil (hydrodistillation) | Inhibitory effects against dermatophyte strains and C. neoformans; | MIC = 0.32–0.64 μL/mL | [24] |
| Inhibitory effects against C. guillermondii. | MIC = 1.25 μL/mL | ||||
| halophilus | Umbels, Portugal | Inhibitory effects against dermatophytes. | MIC = 0.16–0.64 μL/mL | [73] | |
| hispanicus | Root and aerial parts, Algeria | Inhibitory effects against Candida albicans | [77] | ||
| Aerial parts: | MIC = 0.078 ± 0.02 mg/mL | ||||
| Roots: | MIC = 0.125 ± 0.04 mg/mL | ||||
| Inhibitory effects against Aspergillus flavus. | |||||
| Root vs. aerial parts oil inhibition: | 100% vs. 42.22% | ||||
| maximus | Aerial parts, Portugal | Inhibitory effects against dermatophytes and Cryptococus neoformans; | MIC = 0.16–0.32 μL/mL | [74] | |
| Inhibitory effects against Aspergillus; | MIC = 0.32–0.64 μL/mL | ||||
| Inhibitory effects against Candida. | MIC = 0.64–1.25 μL/mL |