Table 1.
Molecular marker expression in STN.
| Molecular marker (gene expression detected as mRNA or protein) | Abbreviation (mRNA in italics (mouse only), protein in capitals) | Species analyzed | Site of location (STN unless otherwise stated) (mRNA or protein) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1 | Adcyap1 | Mouse | Central STN | Wallén-Mackenzie et al. 202067 |
| A2A adenosine receptor | ADORA2A | Human | Distributed in decreasing dorsal to ventral gradient | Emmi et al., 202297 |
| BAI1 associated protein 3 | Baiap3 | Mouse | pSTN and surrounding hypothalamic structures | Wallén-Mackenzie et al., 202067 |
| Calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2 delta 3 | Cacna2d3 | Mouse | Below detection or absent | Wallén-Mackenzie et al., 202067 |
| Calbindin 1 | CALB1 | Human |
Labelled on fibres Faint detection |
Augood et al., 199973 Munkle et al., 2000 |
| Calbindin 2 also known as Calretinin | CALB2 | Human | Intense immunoreactivity in ventral STN; both cell bodies and fibres. Highest detection in caudal aspect of STN. | Augood et al., 199973; Munkle et al., 2000; Wu et al., 2017; Alkemade et al., 201933, Bokulic et al., 2021 |
| Calbindin 2 | CALB2 | Monkey | Both cell bodies and fibres | Fortin and Parent 1996102 |
| Calbindin 2 | Calb2 | Mouse | Moderate in medial STN (STNa domain) | Wallén-Mackenzie et al., 202067 |
| Collagen type XXIV alpha 1 chain | Col24a1 | Mouse | Strong medal detection (STNa), sparser in central STN (STNb) | Wallén-Mackenzie et al., 202067 |
| Dopamine receptor 1 and 2 | D1R and D2R | Monkey | Presynaptic axons | Galvan et al., 201498 |
| Dopamine receptor 2 | D2R | Human | Distributed in decreasing gradient along ventromedial-to-dorsal axis | Hurd et al., 200176; Emmi et al., 202297 |
| Ferritin | FERR | Human | Distributed in oligodendrocytes within STN | Alkemade et al., 201933 |
| Fibroblast growth factor 11 | Fgf11 | Mouse | Throughout STN, low intensity | Wallén-Mackenzie et al., 202067 |
| Forkhead box protein P2 | FOXP2 | Human | Variable pattern within STN | Bokulic et al., 2021 |
| GABA-A receptor subunits | GABA-A (a1, a3, b2/3, and g2) | Human | STN principal neurons | Wu et al., 2017 |
| GABA-B receptor subunit | GABAB (R1 and R2) | Human | STN principal neurons | Wu et al., 2017 |
| GABA-A receptor subunit alpha 3 | GABRA3 | Human | Mainly neuronal staining and punctate fibre staining | Alkemade et al., 201933 |
| GABA-B receptor 1 | GABAB R1 | Monkey | Moderate distribution throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the STN | Charara et al., 2000 |
| GABA transporter 1 | GAT1 | Human | STN | Augood et al., 199973 |
| Glutamate decarboxylase 65/67 | GAD65/67 | Human | Parse positive neuronal staining, moderate fibre terminal staining (presynaptic boutons) in dorsolateral tip of STN | Wu et al., 2017; Alkemade et al., 201933 |
| Glutamate decarboxylase 1 | Gad1 | Mouse | Dorsal STN (STNds) and para-STN | Wallén-Mackenzie et al., 202067 |
| Glycine receptor alpha 3 | Glra3 | Mouse | Para-STN | Wallén-Mackenzie et al., 202067 |
| Glutamate receptor 1 and 2/3 |
GluR1 GluR2/3 |
Monkey | Cell bodies and synaptic clefts | Wang et al., 2000 |
| Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1 and 5 |
mGluR1a mGluR5 |
Monkey Rat |
Strong labelling in neuropil and in postsynaptic STN neurons. |
Kuwajima et al., 200453 Awad et al., 200086 |
| N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 | NMDAR1 | Monkey | Cell bodies and synaptic clefts | Wang et al., 2000 |
| Neuromedin b receptor | Nmbr | Mouse | Throughout STN. Low detection. | Wallén-Mackenzie et al., 202067 |
| Neurexophilin 1 | Nxph1 | Mouse | Throughout STN | Wallén-Mackenzie et al., 202067 |
| Neurexophilin 4 | Nxph4 | Mouse | Throughout STN except for dorsal strip (STNds) | Wallén-Mackenzie et al., 202067 |
| Neurofilament H | SMI-32 | Human | Uniformly detected | Wu et al., 2017; Alkemade et al., 201933 |
| Neuronal nitric oxide synthase | nNOS | Human | Most abundant neuronal marker in STN | Bokulic et al., 2021 |
| NK2 homeobox 1 | NKX2.1 | Human | Ventral regions in rostral and caudal plane. Uniform in central STN. | Bokulic et al., 2021 |
| Paired like Homeodomain 2 also known as pituitary homeobox 2 | Pitx2 | Mouse | Throughout STN |
Martin et al., 2004107 Skidmore et al., 2008109 Schweizer et al., 2014108 Schweizer et al., 2016; |
| Parvalbumin | PARV | Human | STN, primarily dorsolaterally/caudally. | Parent et al.,1996; Augood et al.,199973; Munkle et al., 2000; Alkemade et al., 201933, Bokulic et al., 2021 |
| Parvalbumin | PV | Mouse |
STN, dorsal and central (STNb,c domains). Note: In contrast to most other neurons, PV+ in STN neurons is mostly glutamatergic, (PV/Vglut2 colocalisation) |
Wallén-Mackenzie et al., 202067; Serra et al., 2023157 |
| Paired box protein 6 | PAX6 | Human | Variable pattern | Bokulic et al., 2021 |
| Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A regulatory beta subunit 3 | Kcnab3 | Mouse | Throughout STN. Co-localised with Pitx2 | Wallén-Mackenzie et al., 202067. |
| Serotonin | Serotonin / 5HT | Monkey | Highest density in medial and ventral STN | Mori et al.,198532 |
| Serotonin receptor subtype 2c | Htr2c | Mouse | Throughout STN; similar as Pitx2 and Vglut2 | Wallén-Mackenzie et al., 202067 |
| Serotonin transporter | SERT | Human | Passing fibres, more staining in anterior STN as compared to posterior STN | Parent et al., 2011, Alkemade et al., 201933 |
| Syntaxin binding protein 2 | Stxbp2 | Mouse | Moderate in STN | Wallén-Mackenzie et al., 202067 |
| Synaptophysin | SYN | Human | Punctate staining throughout | Alkemade et al., 201933 |
| Synaptoporin | Synpr | Mouse | Below detection or absent | Wallén-Mackenzie et al., 202067 |
| Tachykinin precursor 1 (encoded four products, including Substance P) | Tac1 | Mouse Monkey | Para-STN | Wallén-Mackenzie et al., 202067; Serra et al., 2023157 |
| Transferrin | TRANSF | Human | Oligodendrocytes and blood vessels in STN | Alkemade et al., 201933 |
| Tyrosine hydroxylase | TH | Human | None reported, passing fibres only | Hedreen 199974; Alkemade et al., 201933 |
| Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 | VGLUT1 | Human | Dense at STN borders and punctate in fibres | Alkemade et al., 201933 |
| Vesicular glutamate transporter 2 | VGLUT2 | Monkey | Throughout STN | Santin et al., 202350; Serra et al., 2023157 |
| Vesicular glutamate transporter 2 | Vglut2 | Mouse | Throughout STN, co-expressed with Pitx2 | Wallén-Mackenzie et al., 202067; Schweizer et al., 2014108, Serra et al., 2023157 |
*Italics denotes mRNA detection, mouse. #Terminology STN domains (STNa, STNb, STNc, STNds), see Fig. 2 (originally described in Wallén-Mackenzie et al. 67)
List of molecular markers in the STN. Gene expression detected as mRNA or protein and reported in human, monkey, rodent STN. For details, see main text.