Table 3.
Altered metabolites in C. elegans after DS extract treatment at 50 μg/mL (n = 5) in comparison to control conditions (n = 5) after 26 h.
| Metabolite name | Analytical Platform | MSI level | FC | FDR | Chemical class |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ala-Ala | HILIC (+) | 2a | 2.76 | 0.0026 | Dipeptides |
| 6-Methyladenosine | HILIC (+) | 2b | 2.45 | 0.0017 | Purine nucleosides |
| N-Methylhistidine | HILIC (+) | 2a | 2.43 | 0.0036 | Histidine derivatives |
| Targinine | HILIC (+) | 2a | 2.41 | 0.0020 | Arginine derivatives |
| Proline-hydroxyproline | HILIC (+) | 2a | 2.40 | 0.0009 | Dipeptides |
| PC p-36:1/PC o-36:2 A | CSH (+) | 1 | 2.36 | 0.0015 | Unsaturated PC |
| PC 39:9 | CSH (+) | 2b | 2.36 | 0.0007 | Unsaturated PC |
| Glu-Thr | HILIC (+) | 2a | 2.11 | 0.0017 | Dipeptides |
| 3-Methylhistidine | HILIC (+) | 2a | 2.08 | 0.0449 | Histidine derivatives |
| PC 37:6 A | CSH (+) | 2b | 2.03 | 0.0007 | Unsaturated PC |
| PC 39:8 | CSH (+) | 2b | 2.02 | 0.0027 | Unsaturated PC |
| Inosine | GCMS | 1 | 2.01 | 0.0424 | Purine nucleosides |
| 3′-O-Methylguanosine | HILIC (+) | 2a | 1.98 | 0.0143 | Purine nucleosides |
| gamma-Glu-Gln | HILIC (+) | 2a | 1.96 | 0.0449 | Dipeptides |
| PE O-37:5 | CSH (+) | 2a | 1.95 | 0.0013 | Ether-linked PE |
| PC 39:10 | PC 19:5_20:5 | CSH (-) | 2b | 1.95 | 0.0015 | Unsaturated PC |
| DL-o-Tyrosine | HILIC (+) | 2b | 1.92 | 0.0316 | Phenylalanine derivatives |
| FA 19:3 | CSH (-) | 2b | 1.92 | 0.0320 | Unsaturated FA |
| Arabitol | GCMS | 1 | 1.89 | 0.0014 | Sugar alcohol |
| 3′-O-Methylcytidine | HILIC (+) | 2a | 1.89 | 0.0107 | Pyrimidine nucleosides |
| FA 19:5 | CSH (-) | 2b | 1.87 | 0.0322 | Unsaturated FA |
| 2-Hydroxyglutaric acid | GCMS | 1 | 1.84 | 0.0089 | Glutarates |
| PI 37:5 | CSH (+) | 2b | 1.83 | 0.0017 | PI |
| Lactic acid | GCMS | 1 | 1.80 | 0.0026 | Lactates |
| PC 37:7 | CSH (+) | 2b | 1.79 | 0.0013 | Unsaturated PC |
| PI 39:5 | CSH (+) | 2b | 1.79 | 0.0055 | PI |
| FA 19:2 | CSH (-) | 2b | 1.78 | 0.0235 | Unsaturated FA |
| N,N-Dimethylarginine | HILIC (+) | 1 | 1.77 | 0.0007 | Arginine derivatives |
| PE P-37:5 | PE P-17:0_20:5 | CSH (+) | 2b | 1.77 | 0.0013 | Ether-linked PE |
| FA 19:4 | CSH (-) | 2b | 1.76 | 0.0428 | Unsaturated FA |
| NAE 19:3 | CSH (+) | 2b | 1.73 | 0.0404 | N-acylethanolamines |
| PE P-37:1 | PE P-19:0_18:1 | CSH (+) | 2b | 1.71 | 0.0017 | Ether-linked PE |
| PI 37:5 | PI 17:0_20:5 | CSH (-) | 2b | 1.69 | 0.0017 | PI |
| Glucuronic acid | HILIC (-) | 2a | 1.69 | 0.0069 | Glucuronic acid derivatives |
| N-Acetylserine | HILIC (-) | 2a | 1.68 | 0.0358 | amino acids, modified |
| TG 53:5 | CSH (+) | 2b | 1.63 | 0.0240 | Unsaturated TG |
| LPI 20:5 | HILIC (-) | 2b | 1.62 | 0.0406 | Phosphatidylinositols |
| TG 55:9 | TG 18:2_18:2_19:5 | CSH (+) | 1 | 1.61 | 0.0030 | Unsaturated TG |
| TG 56:9 | TG 18:1_18:3_20:5 | CSH (+) | 2b | 1.60 | 0.0056 | Unsaturated TG |
| TG 58:10 | TG 18:1_20:4_20:5 | CSH (+) | 1 | 1.59 | 0.0026 | Unsaturated TG |
| Galacturonic acid | GCMS | 1 | 1.59 | 0.0013 | Glucuronic acid derivatives |
| TG 57:8 | TG 17:1_20:3_20:4 | CSH (+) | 2a | 1.59 | 0.0007 | Unsaturated TG |
| Dehydroascorbic acid | GCMS | 1 | 1.58 | 0.0197 | Gamma butyrolactones |
| TG 60:14 | TG 20:4_20:5_20:5 | CSH (+) | 2b | 1.58 | 0.0015 | Unsaturated TG |
| Hypoxanthine | HILIC (-) | 1 | 1.58 | 0.0030 | Hypoxanthines |
| TG 54:7 | CSH (+) | 1 | 1.57 | 0.0076 | Unsaturated TG |
| TG 58:11 | TG 18:3_20:3_20:5 | CSH (+) | 1 | 1.55 | 0.0078 | Unsaturated TG |
| TG 58:8 | TG 18:1_20:3_20:4 | CSH (+) | 2b | 1.54 | 0.0007 | Unsaturated TG |
| Ornithine | GCMS | 1 | 1.53 | 0.0026 | L-alpha-amino acids |
| Glycerophosphocholine | HILIC (+) | 2b | 1.52 | 0.0014 | Glycerophosphocholines |
| TG 58:13 | TG 18:3_20:5_20:5 | CSH (+) | 2b | 1.51 | 0.0069 | Unsaturated TG |
| alpha-Galactosamine-1-phosphate | HILIC (+) | 2a | 1.51 | 0.0322 | Monosaccharide phosphates |
| Orotic acid | HILIC (-) | 2a | 0.14 | 0.0197 | Pyrimidinecarboxylic acids |
| PMeOH 40:10|PMeOH 20:5_20:5 | CSH (-) | 2b | 0.35 | 0.0475 | Glycerophospholipids |
| 3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid | HILIC (-) | 2a | 0.43 | 0.0192 | keto acids |
| 4-Methyl-2-oxovaleric Acid | HILIC (-) | 2a | 0.45 | 0.0132 | keto acids |
| Cadaverine | HILIC (+) | 2a | 0.46 | 0.0445 | biogenic polyamines |
| LPE 19:1 | CSH (-) | 2b | 0.46 | 0.0024 | Unsaturated LPE |
| Lys-Pro | HILIC (+) | 2b | 0.53 | 0.0272 | Dipeptides |
| LPE 18:0 | CSH (-) | 2b | 0.61 | 0.0011 | Saturated LPE |
| Ala-Leu | HILIC (+) | 2a | 0.62 | 0.0206 | Dipeptides |
| Methylphosphate | GCMS | 1 | 0.63 | 0.0235 | Organophosphates |
| PE 39:6 | CSH (+) | 2b | 0.64 | 0.0035 | Unsaturated PE |
| TG 56:3 | TG 18:1_19:1_19:1 | CSH (+) | 2a | 0.65 | 0.0179 | Unsaturated TG |
| TG 55:2 | TG 18:0_18:0_19:2 | CSH (+) | 2a | 0.66 | 0.0318 | Unsaturated TG |
| PI 39:6 | CSH (+) | 2b | 0.66 | 0.0090 | PI |
| LPE 15:0 | CSH (-) | 2b | 0.66 | 0.0318 | Saturated LPE |
| PE 33:3 | PE 15:0_18:3 | CSH (-) | 2b | 0.66 | 0.0251 | Unsaturated PE |
| PE 37:2 | PE 18:1_19:1 | CSH (-) | 2b | 0.67 | 0.0127 | Unsaturated PE |
Significance was determined using a FC threshold (≥1.5 for increased metabolites and ≤0.67 for decreased metabolites), and a T-Test with FDR < 0.05.
MSI Metabolomics Standards Initiative: 1, m/z, MS/MS, RT; 2a, m/z, RT; 2b, m/z, MS/MS. FC fold change, FDR false discovery rate.
PC phosphatidylcholine, PE phosphatidylethanolamine, FA fatty acid, PI phosphatidylinositol, NAE N-acylethanolamine, TG triacylglycerol, LPI lysophosphatidylinositol, LPE lysophosphatidylethanolamine.