Table 1. Summary of patients and methods in the 40 papers included in the review.
| Study | Etiologies | Domains assessed | Assessment methods used |
|---|---|---|---|
| Raschilas et al.15 | HSV | F | F: 5-grade scale derived from the GOS |
| McGrath et al.17 | HSV | F | F: GOS, graded following telephone interviews with the patients, their relatives, and GPs |
| Utley et al.18 | HSV | C | C: Portland aAdaptability Interview, National Adult Reading Test, WAIS, Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised, RCFT, California Verbal Learning Test, Warrington Word and Face Recognition Memory Test, Autobiographical Memory Interview, Otago Remote Memory Questionnaire, Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test, Controlled Oral Word Association Test, Minnesota Test for the Differential Diagnosis of Aphasia, Short Token Test, Funnel Test, Sheridan Test |
| Harris et al.20 | HSV, other, unknown, control group | C/P | C: Wechsler Test of Adult Reading, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, Door and People Battery, Autobiographical Memory Interview, F-A-S Test, Trail-Making Test, Hayling Test, Brixton Test, Graded Naming Test, Pyramid and Palm Trees, Visual Object and Space Perception Battery, Benton Focal Recognition |
| P: Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory | |||
| Berlit21 | HSV, VZV, rubella, adenovirus, unknown | P/N/S | P: Psychiatric examinations |
| N: Neurological examinations | |||
| S: Self-reported symptoms | |||
| Wetzel et al.22 | VZV | C | C: MMSE, RCFT , Clock-Drawing Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Rey Visual Design Learning Test, Digit Span, Stroop test, d2 test |
| Hokkanen et al.24 | VZV | C/P | C: WAIS, Wechsler Memory Scale, Benton Visual Retention Test, Stroop Test, basic calculation, imitation of movements |
| P: Behavioral observations | |||
| Grahn et al.25 | VZV | C/P | C: MMSE, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Cognitive Assessment Battery, Trail-Making Test Part A, PaSMO, RCFT (copying) |
| N: NIHSS | |||
| P: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale | |||
| Persson et al.26 | VZV | N | N: Neurological examinations |
| Eckerström et al.27 | VZV | C | C: Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Trail-Making Test Parts A and B, Continuous Performance Test (reaction time, and errors of omissions and commissions), California Verbal Learning Test, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test–Revised, Block Tapping Test, Visual Objects and Space Perception Battery (silhouettes subtest), Boston Naming Test, Category Fluency Animal Naming, Letter-Number Sequencing |
| Comparison of results with norm values in the same age group | |||
| Ogata et al.28 | HHV-6 | F/S | F/S: Retrospective questionnaire |
| Carson et al.34 | WNV (not limited to encephalitis) | C/P/N/Q/F | C: Complete cognitive battery, including Wechsler Memory Scale, Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test, Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, Brief Test of Attention, Purdue Pegboard |
| P: Beck Depression Inventory | |||
| N: Neurological examinations | |||
| Q: SF-12 version 2 | |||
| F: mRS, Barthel Index | |||
| Sejvar et al.35 | WNV (not limited to encephalitis) | N/F/S | N: Neurological examinations |
| F: Functional status, ability to perform the activities of daily living | |||
| S: Standardized questionnaire on symptoms | |||
| Hawkes et al.36 | WNV (not limited to encephalitis) | C/F | C: TICS |
| F: mRS | |||
| Klee et al.37 | WNV | F/S | F: Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale |
| S: Standardized questionnaire on persisting symptoms | |||
| Sejvar et al.38 | WNV (not limited to encephalitis) | C/N/Q/S | C: Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery |
| N: Neurological examinations | |||
| Q: SF-36 | |||
| S: CDC Symptom Inventory | |||
| Haaland et al.39 | WNV (not limited to encephalitis) | C | C: TICS |
| Loeb et al.40 | WNV (not limited to encephalitis) | C/P/Q | C: Fatigue Severity Scale |
| P: Depression Anxiety Stress Scale | |||
| Q: SF-36 | |||
| Berg et al.41 | WNV (meningitis, encephalitis, and fever only) | C/P | C: Brief Fatigue Inventory, Modified Fatigue Impact Scale |
| P: CES-D | |||
| Murray et al.42 | WNV (not limited to encephalitis) | P/S | P: CES-D |
| F: Barthel Index | |||
| S: Self-reported symptoms of depression | |||
| Sadek et al.43 | WNV | C | C: Wide-Range Achievement Test-3 Reading (premorbid abilities), Finger Tapping, Symbol Digit Modalities, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised (total trials 1–3), Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised Delayed Recall, Animal Fluency, Trail-Making Test, Digit Span, RCFT, Wechsler Memory Scale III |
| Anastasiadou et al.44 | WNV (encephalitis/meningo-encephalitis) | C/P/N | Evaluation carried out during a follow-up examination; no mention about whether the deficits were self-reported by the patients or assessed using standardized tests |
| Karelis et al.46 | TBE | F/S | F/S: Standardized questionnaire with 29 items on persisting symptoms, employment status, and social restrictions |
| Czupryna et al.47 | TBE | C/N | C: No details |
| N: Neurological examinations | |||
| Lämmli et al.48 | TBE | F/S | F/S: Standardized questionnaire on residual symptoms |
| Kaiser49 | TBE | C/N | C: Neuropsychological tests (no details) |
| N: Physical examinations | |||
| Laursen and Knudsen50 | TBE | F/S | F/S: Standardized questionnaire on residual symptoms |
| Mickiene et al.51 | TBE (not limited to encephalitis) | N/F | In-house classification (mild, moderate, or severe sequelae) of the remaining symptoms |
| Lenhard et al.52 | TBE | N/F | N: Neurological examinations |
| F: mRS | |||
| Veje et al.53 | TBE | N/F/S | N: Clinical examinations on follow-up visits |
| F/S: ESGQ (self-reported symptoms in phone interviews), FOSQ (quality of life related to sleep in phone interviews) | |||
| Bogovič et al.56 | TBE (not limited to encephalitis) | N/Q/S | N: Neurological examinations |
| Q: SF-36 version 2 | |||
| S: Self-reported symptoms | |||
| Unfavorable outcome defined as ≥2 new or exacerbated self-reported symptoms, or ≥1 objective symptoms. Mild PES defined as ≥2 new or exacerbated self-reported symptoms, moderate PES as ≥3 new or exacerbated self-reported symptoms, severe PES as ≥1 objective symptom | |||
| Kalita et al.57 | JE, HSV, unknown | C/N | C: MMSE, cognitive evoked potentials |
| N: MRI | |||
| Sarkari et al.58 | JE | C/P/N | C: Past and recent memory assessed using a standardized questionnaire, tests derived from Binett Intelligence Scale guidelines, tests for agnosia and apraxia in those patients able to complete the tests |
| P: Assessment of mood, behavior, personality, hallucinations, and delusions reported by relatives | |||
| N: Neurological examinations, seizures reported by relatives | |||
| Wang et al.30 | JE | C/N/F | C: WAISRC (verbal, and performance IQ), Wechsler Memory Scale, Mental Handicap Rating Scale N: Neurological examinations |
| F: LOS | |||
| Deresiewicz et al.59 | EEEV | F | F: Clinical sequelae classified according to functional status on discharge: normal (no deficits), mild sequelae (self-care possible away from an institutional setting), moderate sequelae (institutional care required for performing the activities of daily living), severe sequelae (permanent vegetative state), death |
| Sejvar et al.60 | Nipah virus | N/S | N: Neurological examinations |
| S: Self-assessment scale of overall health and well-being, standardized questionnaire on persisting symptoms | |||
| Goh et al.61 | Nipah virus | F | No details |
| Ng et al.62 | Nipah virus | C/P | C: WAIS–Revised, Standard Progressive Matrices, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Wechsler Memory Scale |
| P: Psychiatric interview using the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry | |||
| Hokkanen and Launes63 | HSV, VZV, other, unknown | C | C: Blessed Dementia Scale, WAIS, Wechsler Memory Scale, Word Fluency, Stroop Test, Benton Visual Retention Test, comprehension of sentences with complex semantic structures, copying of figures, clock-hand tasks |
| Mailles et al.16 | Various causative agents and unknown etiology | C/Q/F/S | C: Informant questionnaire on cognitive decline in the elderly, F-TICS |
| Q: Questionnaire derived from SF-12 | |||
| F: GOS, questionnaire on the resumption of work/school and leisure | |||
| S: Standardized questionnaire on persisting symptoms |
C, cognitive; CDC, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; EEEV, Eastern equine encephalitis virus; ESGQ, Encephalitis Support Group Questionnaire; F, functioning; FOSQ, Functional Outcome of Sleep Questionnaire; F-TICS, French version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status; GOS, Glasgow Outcome Scale; HHV-6, human herpesvirus-6; HSV, herpes simplex virus; IQ, intelligence quotient; JE, Japanese encephalitis; LOS, Liverpool Outcome Scale; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; N, neurological; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; P, psychological/psychiatric; PaSMO, Parallel Serial Mental Operations; PES, postencephalitis syndrome; Q, quality of life; RCFT, Rey Complex Figure Test; S, self-reported outcome; SF-12, 12-item shortened version of SF-36; SF-36, 36-item Short-Form Medical Outcome Survey; TBE, tick-borne encephalitis; TICS, Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status; VZV, varicella zoster virus; WAIS, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; WAISRC, WAIS revised in China; WNV, West Nile virus.