Table 3. Summary of affected domains and main sequelae following the most-frequent causes of viral encephalitis.

Virus	Cognitive sequelae	Psychiatric/behavioral sequelae	Neurological sequelae	Quality of life	Functioning	References
Herpes simplex virus	Memory disorders, executive dysfunction, decreased attention, intellectual impairment (reduced IQ), aphasia, speech disorders, emotional instability	Mood impairments (e.g., anxiety, depression), personality changes, inappropriate behaviors and reactions (e.g., aggressiveness)	Rarely: Coma, motor deficit, seizures			15–21
Varicella zoster virus	Attention deficit, memory disorders, mental slowing, speech disorders, executive dysfunction	Mild behavioral disorders (euphoria, disinhibition)	Mild motor deficits			16, 22–27
West Nile virus	Memory loss, impaired concentration, decreased psychomotor speed, executive dysfunction, confusion	Severe fatigue, depression, anorexia	Motor deficit (major if encephalomyelitis), tremors, parkinsonism, decreased motor speed, general weakness, joint pain	Severe fatigue, decreased physical and mental quality of life	Good functioning over time	34–44
Tick-borne encephalitis	Memory disorders, decreased concentration, executive dysfunction,impaired learning abilities	Fatigue, depression, sleep disorders	Dizziness, motor deficit, tremors, hearing loss, shoulder girdle paralysis, headaches, coordination impairment	Decreased quality of life, especially in PES	PES (new or exacerbated symptoms): emotional lability, limb pain, tinnitus, headaches	46–56
Japanese encephalitis virus	Decreased MMSE score, speech disorders, dysarthria, memory disorders, decreased intelligence and reasoning (reduced IQ), inability to count	Psychosis-like syndrome (hallucinations, delusions), restlessness, depression	Limb paralysis, hyperkinetic movements (frequent tremors), corticospinal deficits, sensitivity deficits, epilepsy		Globally impaired	30, 57, 58

IQ, intelligence quotient, MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination, PES, postencephalitic syndrome.