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. 2023 Jun 22;42(1):92–132. doi: 10.5534/wjmh.230034

Table 1. PICOS model (population, intervention, comparison/comparator, outcomes, study type).

Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria
Population Infertile male with clinical varicocele Adolescents
Intervention Varicocele repair -
Comparison i) Conventional semen parameters analyzed before varicocele repair. -
ii) Conventional semen parameters analyzed after varicocele repair.
Outcome Conventional semen parameters: semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, total motile sperm count, progressive sperm motility, total sperm motility, sperm vitality, and sperm morphology -
Study type Randomized controlled studies, observational studies Animal studies, In vitro studies, Reviews and Meta-analyses, Case reports, Book chapters, Editorials