Table 5. Results of the before-after varicocele repair analysis of conventional semen parameters.

Parameter	Random	Before (n)	After (n)	SMD	95% CI	p	Heterogeneity		Publication bias
							I2	p	Egger’s test
Semen volume	Random	12,566	10,825	0.203	0.129 to 0.278	<0.001	83.62%	<0.001	0.3329
Sperm concentration	Random	32,577	31,771	1.590	1.474 to1.706	<0.001	97.86%	<0.0001	<0.0001
Total sperm count	Random	5,593	5,337	1.824	1.526 to 2.121	<0.0001	97.88%	<0.0001	0.0063
TMSC	Random	6,396	6,274	1.643	1.318 to 1.968	<0.001	98.65%	<0.0001	0.0003
Progressive sperm motility	Random	10,454	10,252	1.845	1.537 to 2.153	<0.001	98.97%	<0.0001	<0.0001
Total sperm motility	Random	22,326	21,898	1.613	1.467 to 1.759	<0.001	97.98%	<0.0001	<0.0001
Sperm morphology	Random	21,979	21,335	1.066	0.922 to 1.211	<0.001	97.87%	<0.001	0.1864
Sperm vitality	Random	597	555	-1.310	-2.112 to -0.509	0.001	98.50%	<0.0001	0.0807

SMD: standard mean difference, TMSC: total motile sperm count.