Table 3.
Bivariate analysis exploring the proportions of emergency caesarean sections by socio-demographic, obstetric history, health system and travel to birth
| Characteristics | Women delivered via emergency CS ([%]n=1,923) | Women delivered via SVD ([%] n=1,211) | p-value |
| Age group | |||
| 12-19 years | 41 (53.9) | 35 (46.1) | 0.392 |
| 20-34 years | 1,432 (61.7) | 890 (38.3) | |
| 35-60 years | 450 (61.1) | 286 (38.9) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Single | 65 (48.9) | 68 (51.1) | 0.003 |
| Married | 1,858 (61.9) | 1,143 (38.1) | |
| Employment status | |||
| Unemployed/Housewife | 340 (63.2) | 198 (36.8) | 0.010 |
| Student | 79 (49.7) | 80 (50.3) | |
| Self-employed (Petty-trader) | 855 (60.4) | 561 (39.6) | |
| Self-employed (Mid-high business) | 225 (65.2) | 120 (34.7) | |
| Employed | 424 (62.7) | 252 (37.3) | |
| Parity | |||
| Nulliparous (0) | 749 (67.7) | 357 (32.3) | <0.001 |
| Multiparous (1-4) | 1,136 (58.2) | 817 (41.8) | |
| Grand-multiparous (5 or more) | 38 (50.7) | 37 (49.3) | |
| Number of gestation(s) | |||
| Singleton | 1,805 (60.7) | 1,166 (39.3) | 0.003 |
| Multiple | 118 (72.4) | 45 (27.6) | |
| Booking status | |||
| Booked | 941 (69.3) | 416 (30.7) | <0.001 |
| Un-booked | 982 (55.3) | 795 (44.7) | |
| Maternal complication | |||
| No maternal complication | 65 (50.8) | 63 (49.2) | <0.001 |
| Obstructed labour | 722 (75.5) | 234 (24.5) | |
| Haemorrhage | 312 (45.6) | 373 (54.4) | |
| Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia | 582 (65.8) | 302 (34.2) | |
| Sepsis | 33 (20.3) | 130 (79.7) | |
| Others | 209 (65.7) | 109 (34.3) | |
| Member of dyad with complication (n=3,087) | |||
| Complications attributable to mother only | 649 (75.4) | 212 (24.6) | <0.001 |
| Complications attributable to foetus only | 6 (13.0) | 40 (87.0) | |
| Complications attributable to mother and foetus | 1,240 (56.9) | 940 (43.1) | |
| Settlement type of place of residence | |||
| Urban | 418 (60.8) | 270 (39.2) | <0.001 |
| Suburban | 1,163 (67.2) | 567 (32.8) | |
| Rural | 342 (47.8) | 374 (52.2) | |
| Weekend travel to facility | |||
| Yes | 427 (58.7) | 300 (41.3) | 0.097 |
| No | 1,496 (62.2) | 911 (37.8) | |
| Period of day of travel to the facility (n=2,069) | |||
| Morning | 475 (62.0) | 291 (38.0) | 0.172 |
| Afternoon | 339 (62.3) | 205 (37.7) | |
| Evening | 265 (56.9) | 201 (43.1) | |
| Night | 169 (57.7) | 124 (42.3) | |
| Referral | |||
| Not referred | 1,383 (61.0) | 884 (39.0) | 0.511 |
| Referred | 540 (62.3) | 327 (37.7) | |
| Referral facility (n=867) | |||
| Another hospital (public) | 108 (78.8) | 29 (21.2) | <0.001 |
| Another hospital (private | 118 (68.2) | 55 (31.8) | |
| Clinic | 42 (65.6) | 22 (34.4) | |
| Primary health centre | 210 (55.7) | 167 (44.3) | |
| Traditional birth attendant | 48 (53.3) | 42 (46.7) | |
| Nursing/maternity home | 1 (16.7) | 5 (83.3) | |
| Non-formal referral | 12 (60.0) | 8 (40.0) | |
| Total travel time (n=2,673†) | |||
| 0 – 9 minutes | 284 (57.6) | 209 (42.4) | 0.219 |
| 10 – 29 minutes | 622 (63.8) | 353 (36.2) | |
| 30 – 59 minutes | 400 (63.0) | 235 (37.0) | |
| 60 – 119 minutes | 282 (62.4) | 170 (37.6) | |
| 120 – 480 minutes | 75 (63.6) | 43 (36.4) | |
| Type of facility of birth | |||
| Apex facility | 366 (63.8) | 208 (36.2) | 0.114 |
| Non-apex facility | 1,557 (60.8) | 1,003 (39.2) |
†
Excludes women whose journey to the hospital could not be determined (n=461)
‡
Excludes women whose journey from home to the health facility could not be determined (n=116)