Fig. 1.

Association of cytokines with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) severity and progression stratified by KOA inflammatory phenotypes (KOIP). The heatmap colours represent non-parametric correlation-like measurements to assess the association of the cytokines evaluated in our study with KOA outcomes, including clinical, radiographic and ultrasound severity at baseline, and radiographic progression at 2 years. Associations were assessed for the overall series and within each KOIP independently using Spearman correlations (continuous or ordinal outcomes) and Glass rank biserial correlations (binary outcomes). Baseline Kellgren-Lawrence staging and joint space narrowing were treated as ordinal in these analyses. Red indicates positive, blue represents negative, and colour intensity expresses more extreme values of the correlation coefficients. Colour intensities were saturated to 0.5 and − 0.5 for positive and negative correlation, respectively. IL-6, interleukin 6; IL-8, interleukin 8; TNF-alpha, tumour necrosis factor alpha; NGF, nerve growth factor; CRP, C-reactive protein; KOOS, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores (reversed scores); KOA, knee osteoarthritis; KOIP, knee osteoarthritis inflammatory phenotype