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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jan 11.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Biomed Eng. 2022 Jul 4;6(7):791–805. doi: 10.1038/s41551-022-00902-5

Fig. 3 |. Characterization of RBD-Exo and its stability.

Fig. 3 |

a, Schematic illustrating the preparation of LSC-Exo with RBD to generate RBD-Exo. b, SDS–PAGE gel of RBD and RBD-PEG-DSPE. c, TEM images of LSC-Exo and RBD-Exo. RBD was discovered using gold nanoparticle-labelled secondary antibodies with diameters of 15 nm. d, Immunoblots of RBD and CD63 in lysed RBD-Exo, RBD and Exo. e, Size measurements of LSC-Exo (left) and RBD-Exo (right) via NTA. f–i, TEM images (f), concentrations (g), size change (h) and RBD level change (i) of RBD-Exo after storing at −80 °C, 4 °C and r.t. for 3 weeks (3W) or 3 months (3M). RBD level was calculated using the ratio of the level in the treatment group to that in the pre-lyophilisation group (Pre-lyo), n = 5 per group in g and h, n = 4 per group in i. j, Summary of stability data of RBD-Exo over 3 weeks or 3 months. k, Left: representative immunostaining of C57BL/6 dendritic cells for DAPI (blue) and RBD-RhB (red) or RBD-RhB-Exo (red). Right: flow cytometry analysis of RBD and RBD-Exo internalization by C57BL/6 dendritic cells, n = 3. Scale bar, 50 μm. Data are mean ± s.d., P values calculated by two-tailed, unpaired Student’s t-test (k) or one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction (g–i). NS, not significant. All replicates are biological. The uncropped gel (b) and blots (d) are provided in Source Data 3. The schematic in a was created with BioRender.com.