Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| No opioids (n = 2962) | Opioids (n = 1311) | Total (n = 4273) | P* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), median (i.q.r.) | 48 (33–64) | 52 (37–66) | 50 (34–64) | < 0.001† |
| Sex | 0.033 | |||
| Female | 1579 (53.3) | 692 (52.8) | 2271 (53.1) | |
| Male | 1383 (46.7) | 616 (47.0) | 1999 (46.8) | |
| Other | 0 (0) | 3 (0.2) | 3 (0.1) | |
| ASA fitness grade | < 0.001 | |||
| I | 1377 (46.5) | 386 (29.4) | 1763 (41.3) | |
| II–III | 1559 (52.6) | 907 (69.2) | 2466 (57.7) | |
| IV—V | 24 (0.8) | 15 (1.1) | 39 (0.9) | |
| Missing | 2 (0.1) | 3 (0.2) | 5 (0.1) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | < 0.001 | |||
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 835 (28.2) | 327 (24.9) | 1162 (27.2) | |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 1078 (36.4) | 385 (29.4) | 1463 (34.2) | |
| Obese (30.0-39.9) | 603 (20.4) | 333 (25.4) | 936 (21.9) | |
| Severely obese (>40.0) | 111 (3.7) | 94 (7.2) | 205 (4.8) | |
| Underweight (< 18.5) | 56 (1.9) | 13 (1.0) | 69 (1.6) | |
| Missing | 279 (9.4) | 159 (12.1) | 438 (10.3) | |
| Smoking status | < 0.001 | |||
| Never smoked | 1841 (62.2) | 723 (55.1) | 2564 (60.0) | |
| Current smoker | 550 (18.6) | 182 (13.9) | 732 (17.1) | |
| Ex-smoker | 355 (12.0) | 307 (23.4) | 662 (15.5) | |
| Missing | 216 (7.3) | 99 (7.6) | 315 (7.4) | |
| Procedure | < 0.001 | |||
| Appendicectomy | 522 (17.6) | 241 (18.4) | 763 (17.9) | |
| Cholecystectomy | 880 (29.7) | 346 (26.4) | 1226 (28.7) | |
| Colorectal resection | 271 (9.1) | 122 (9.3) | 393 (9.2) | |
| Inguinal hernia repair | 440 (14.9) | 136 (10.4) | 576 (13.5) | |
| Nissen fundoplication | 23 (0.8) | 5 (0.4) | 28 (0.7) | |
| Sleeve gastrectomy | 49 (1.7) | 21 (1.6) | 70 (1.6) | |
| ACL repair | 57 (1.9) | 21 (1.6) | 78 (1.8) | |
| Knee arthroplasty | 110 (3.7) | 147 (11.2) | 257 (6.0) | |
| Hip arthroplasty | 110 (3.7) | 91 (6.9) | 201 (4.7) | |
| Rotator cuff repair | 11 (0.4) | 11 (0.8) | 22 (0.5) | |
| Shoulder arthroplasty | 9 (0.3) | 11 (0.8) | 20 (0.5) | |
| Shoulder labral repair | 12 (0.4) | 1 (0.1) | 13 (0.3) | |
| Cystectomy | 28 (0.9) | 4 (0.3) | 32 (0.7) | |
| Nephrectomy | 62 (2.1) | 38 (2.9) | 100 (2.3) | |
| Prostatectomy | 66 (2.2) | 35 (2.7) | 101 (2.4) | |
| Hysterectomy | 228 (7.7) | 59 (4.5) | 287 (6.7) | |
| Oophorectomy and salpingectomy | 28 (0.9) | 13 (1.0) | 41 (1.0) | |
| Oophorectomy only | 21 (0.7) | 3 (0.2) | 24 (0.6) | |
| Salpingectomy only | 35 (1.2) | 6 (0.5) | 41 (1.0) | |
| Surgical approach | < 0.001 | |||
| MIS | 1487 (50.2) | 814 (62.1) | 2301 (53.8) | |
| Open | 1474 (49.8) | 496 (37.8) | 1970 (46.1) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 2 (0.0) | |
| Indication | 0.630 | |||
| Benign disease | 2601 (87.8) | 1144 (87.3) | 3745 (87.6) | |
| Malignancy | 360 (12.2) | 167 (12.7) | 527 (12.3) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.0) | |
| Urgency | < 0.001 | |||
| Elective | 2098 (70.8) | 818 (62.4) | 2916 (68.2) | |
| Emergency | 863 (29.1) | 493 (37.6) | 1356 (31.7) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.0) | |
| Duration of surgery (min), median (i.q.r.) | 80 (55–120) | 98 (66–135) | 87 (60–120) | < 0.001† |
| Opioid use before surgery | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 2909 (98.2) | 1180 (90.0) | 4089 (95.7) | |
| Yes | 53 (1.8) | 131 (10.0) | 184 (4.3) | |
| Non-opioid analgesia use before surgery | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 2396 (80.9) | 933 (71.2) | 3329 (77.9) | |
| Yes | 566 (19.1) | 378 (28.8) | 944 (22.1) | |
| Clavien–Dindo grade of complication | < 0.001 | |||
| None | 2450 (82.7) | 1025 (78.2) | 3475 (81.3) | |
| I–II | 487 (16.4) | 265 (20.2) | 752 (17.6) | |
| III–IV | 21 (0.7) | 20 (1.5) | 41 (1.0) | |
| Missing | 4 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 5 (0.1) | |
| Duration of hospital stay (days), median (i.q.r.) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.698† |
| OMEs consumed 24 h before discharge, median (i.q.r.) | 0.0 (0.0–30.0) | 35.0 (10.0–67.8) | 9.0 (0.0–40.0) | < 0.001† |
Values are n (%) unless otherwise indicated. ACL, anterior cruciate ligament; MIS, minimally invasive surgery; OME, oral morphine equivalent. *χ2 test, except †Kruskal–Wallis test.