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ROS. Examples of ROS as by-products of normal oxygen metabolism including peroxide, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and hydroxyl ion. All these species have an unpaired electron (except for the hydroxyl ion) making them highly unstable resulting in OS that can cause damage to cell structures and DNA. However, some low levels of ROS can have roles in intracellular signalling. Figure based on information from Phaniendra et al.6
