Table 1.

ND, for example, of different pathogenesis of cell deregulation, aberrant proteins and genetic associations, highlighting the different areas of the brain that are affected in the disorders adapted from Bernaus et al.⁸⁰ and Li et al.⁸¹

	Neurodegenerative disorder
	Alzheimer’s disease	Parkinson’s disease	Huntington’s disease	Motor neuron disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
Agent	OS	OS	OS	OS
Glial deregulation	Phagocytic clearance, NI, autophagy, microgliosis, BBB dysregulation
Epigenetic factors	DNA methylation, chromatin remodelling and histone post-translational modifications
Mode of action	Activation of macromolecule, glial cell and tau phosphorylation	Lipid peroxidation and mutation in α-synuclein	Lipid peroxidation	SOD1 activation, inflammation Familial form has SOD1 mutation
Aberrant protein and cause of neuronal deregulation	Aβ plaques, tau neurofibril tangles	α-Synuclein misfolding protein	Huntingtin (Htt) protein	Multiple impaired protein homeostasis due to ER stress
Gene association	ApoE4, amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1/2 (PSEN1/2)	SNCA, LRRK2	HTT (IT15)	SOD1, TDP-43, FUS
Area of the brain affected	Hippocampus	Basal ganglia and substantia nigra	Caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus	Lower and upper motor