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. 2024 Jan 11;19(1):e0296264. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296264

Table 1. Marker genes for cell cluster and subcluster identification and their predicted functions in upper arm veins.

Cluster/Subcluster* Marker Genes Classification/Predicted Function
Endothelial cells VWF, PECAM1, CDH5 Pan-EC markers
 EC1–Arteriolar NOTCH4, SOX17, HEY1 Arterial EC differentiation
EFNB2, SEMA3G Angiogenesis
NEBL, TSPAN2 Cytoskeleton organization
GJA5 Gap junction
 EC2–Capillary CA4, FMO2, RBP7 pH and redox homeostasis
CD300LG Leukocyte binding/rolling
CD36 Fatty acid uptake
RGCC Cell cycle regulation
 EC3–Venous NR2F2 Venous EC differentiation
PLVAP, AQP1 Permeability
ACKR1 Chemokine transcytosis
ICAM1, VCAM1, SELE, SELP Leukocyte adhesion
 EC4–Valvular FOXC2 Valvular EC differentiation
CRTAC1, EFEMP1, POSTN, HAPLN3 Extracellular matrix (ECM)
BMP2, GDF7 ECM synthesis
SERPINE1, PTGS2 Hemostasis
 EC5–Lymphatic FOXC2, NR2F1, PROX1 Lymphatic EC differentiation
LYVE1, PDPN, RELN Leukocyte trafficking
Smooth muscle cells ACTA2, SRF, MRTFA, MRTFB Pan-SMC/pericyte markers
 SMC1–Desminhigh MYH11, CALD1, TAGLN SMC contraction
DES, CNN1, MYLK, ADRA2C Regulation of contraction
FN1, COL1A2, COL3A1, VCAN ECM
ITGA5, ITGA8 ECM binding
 SMC2–Desminlow MYH11, CALD1, TAGLN SMC contraction
PLN, SORBS2, NET1, RERGL, HRH2, ADRA2A Regulation of contraction
NDUFA4L2 Low-oxygen sensing
PGF Angiogenesis; inflammation
 SMC3–Pericyte CD36, APOE, STEAP4, FABP4 Fatty acid uptake/metabolism
CYGB Oxygen diffusion
EDNRB Vasoreactivity
THY1 Stemness; leukocyte infiltration
Fibroblasts PDGFRA, LUM, C1R, DCN, THY1 Pan-fibroblast markers
 Fib1–Activated COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, BGN, POSTN, FN1 ECM; cell migration
ACTA2, TAGLN, NREP Myofibroblastic transition
NDUFA4L2 Low-oxygen sensing
F2R Hemostasis
ITGA10 ECM binding
 Fib2–Maintenance COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, BGN ECM
NDUFA4L2 Low-oxygen sensing
 Fib3–Secretory C1S, C3, CFD Complement factors
CD34, CXCL14, SFRP1, SVEP1 Regulation of angiogenesis
APOD, IGF1, IGFBP5, PLA2G2A, PLPP3, GPX3, MGST1 Lipid metabolism
SCARA5 Ferritin-iron uptake; adipocytic commitment
Monocyte/macrophages CD163, CD14, FCGR3A, MRC1 Pan-mo/mφ markers
 Mo/Mφ1–IL1B+ IL1B, NLRP3, EREG, CCL20, TNF Inflammation
 Mo/Mφ2–IL1B- C1QA, C1QB, C1QC, VSIG4 Inflammation resolution
SELENOP Redox homeostasis
FOLR2 Folate uptake