Table 5. Comparison of current functions of LLMs in the biomedical field.

Current LLMs	ClinicalBERT	BioBERT	ChatGPT	BioMedLM	GeneGPT
Use of clinical notes	√	√	√	√	√
Biomedical text mining	N/A	√	√	√	√
Biomedical Q&A	N/A	N/A	√	√	√
Multimodal integration	×	×	√	N/A	√
Interactivity	×	×	√	√	√
Domain-specific	√	√	×	√	√

√, have the function; ×, do not have the function. LLMs, large language models; GPT, Generative Pre-trained Transformer; BERT, Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers; Q&A, Questions and Answers; N/A, not applicable.