Table 3.
Associations of frequency of consumption of total dairy products, milk, fresh dairy products and cheese with brain structure assessed 9 years later, Bordeaux sample of the Three-City study, 2001–2011, n 195
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β * | 95 % CI | P ** | β * | 95 % CI | P ** | β * | 95 % CI | P ** | |
| GMV (in mm3) | |||||||||
| Frequency of consumption | |||||||||
| Total DP† | |||||||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Moderate | 2·53 | –4·49, 9·56 | 0·64 | 3·19 | –3·92, 10·31 | 0·62 | 2·95 | –4·17, 10·08 | 0·44 |
| High | –0·47 | –8·61, 7·67 | 0·96 | 0·05 | –8·18, 8·28 | 0·99 | 1·02 | –7·31, 9·36 | 0·81 |
| Milk‡ | |||||||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Moderate | –3·45 | –10·59, 3·69 | 0·64 | –3·46 | –10·82, 3·91 | 0·62 | –5·46 | –12·89, 1·97 | 0·44 |
| High | –1·01 | –8·67, 6·66 | 0·96 | –1·21 | –9·13, 6·71 | 0·99 | –1·52 | –9·46, 6·41 | 0·81 |
| Fresh DP§ | |||||||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Moderate | –2·69 | –9·48, 4·11 | 0·64 | –2·60 | –9·55, 4·36 | 0·62 | –3·32 | –10·23, 3·58 | 0·44 |
| High | 0·17 | –7·78, 8·13 | 0·96 | 0·62 | –7·46, 8·70 | 0·99 | 1·58 | –6·40, 9·56 | 0·81 |
| Cheese|| | |||||||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Moderate | 0·52 | –6·79, 7·84 | 0·89 | 0·85 | –6·57, 8·26 | 0·82 | 2·91 | –4·51, 10·34 | 0·44 |
| High | –5·89 | –14·33, 2·55 | 0·68 | –5·48 | –14·04, 3·08 | 0·83 | –4·01 | –12·57, 4·55 | 0·81 |
| MTLV (in mm3) | |||||||||
| Frequency of consumption | |||||||||
| Total DP† | |||||||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Moderate | –0·22 | –0·87, 0·44 | 0·93 | –0·11 | –0·76, 0·53 | 0·92 | –0·10 | –0·74, 0·56 | 0·92 |
| High | –0·35 | –1·11, 0·41 | 0·73 | –0·31 | –1·06, 0·43 | 0·81 | –0·26 | –1·02, 0·50 | 0·97 |
| Milk‡ | |||||||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Moderate | 0·03 | –0·63, 0·69 | 0·93 | –0·05 | –0·71, 0·61 | 0·92 | –0·07 | –0·75, 0·61 | 0·92 |
| High | 0·13 | –0·58, 0·84 | 0·96 | 0·02 | –0·68, 0·73 | 0·95 | –0·02 | –0·71, 0·74 | 0·97 |
| Fresh DP§ | |||||||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Moderate | –0·67 | –1·30, −0·04 | 0·15 | –0·63 | –1·25, −0·01 | 0·19 | –0·60 | –1·23, 0·03 | 0·24 |
| High | –1·09 | –1·83, −0·36 | 0·02 | –0·99 | –1·71, −0·26 | 0·03 | –0·99 | –1·72, −0·27 | 0·03 |
| Cheese|| | |||||||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Moderate | –0·09 | –0·76, 0·59 | 0·93 | 0·03 | –0·63, 0·70 | 0·92 | 0·04 | –0·64, 0·71 | 0·92 |
| High | –0·02 | –0·80, 0·76 | 0·96 | 0·09 | –0·68, 0·85 | 0·95 | 0·10 | –0·68, 0·89 | 0·97 |
| Mean CT in AD-vulnerable regions (in mm) | |||||||||
| Frequency of consumption | |||||||||
| Total DP† | |||||||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Moderate | –0·03 | –0·09, 0·03 | 0·53 | –0·02 | –0·08, 0·04 | 0·60 | –0·03 | –0·08, 0·03 | 0·45 |
| High | –0·04 | –0·11, 0·02 | 0·36 | –0·04 | –0·10, 0·03 | 0·54 | –0·03 | –0·10, 0·03 | 0·64 |
| Milk‡ | |||||||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Moderate | –0·02 | –0·08, 0·03 | 0·53 | –0·02 | –0·08, 0·04 | 0·60 | –0·04 | –0·10, 0·02 | 0·45 |
| High | 0·01 | –0·05, 0·07 | 0·79 | 0·01 | –0·06, 0·07 | 0·94 | –0·01 | –0·06, 0·06 | 0·97 |
| Fresh DP§ | |||||||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Moderate | –0·03 | –0·09, 0·03 | 0·53 | –0·03 | –0·08, 0·03 | 0·60 | –0·04 | –0·09, 0·02 | 0·45 |
| High | –0·04 | –0·10, 0·03 | 0·38 | –0·03 | –0·09, 0·04 | 0·54 | –0·02 | –0·09, 0·04 | 0·65 |
| Cheese|| | |||||||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Moderate | –0·01 | –0·07, 0·05 | 0·76 | 0·01 | –0·06, 0·06 | 0·99 | 0·02 | –0·04, 0·08 | 0·57 |
| High | –0·06 | –0·13, 0·01 | 0·31 | –0·05 | –0·12, 0·02 | 0·54 | –0·04 | –0·11, 0·03 | 0·64 |
GMV, grey matter volume; DP, dairy products; MTLV, medial temporal lobe volume; CT, cortical thickness; AD, Alzheimer’s disease.
β coefficients estimated by linear regression adjusted for age, sex, education level, ε4 allele of the apo E, total intracranial volume in model 1, additionally for diabetes, stroke hospitalisation, number of medications taken per d, stoutness in model 2, and additionally for total energy intake, frequencies of consumption of charcuterie, meat and alcohol in model 3. For each DP subtype, each exposure was mutually adjusted for the two others.
Adjusted P-value using the Benjamini–Hochberg method for multiple testing corrections.
Frequency of consumption of total dairy products: low ≤ 2, moderate (2–4) and high ≥ 4 times/d.
Frequency of consumption of milk: low 0, moderate (0–1) and high > 1 times/d.
Frequency of consumption of fresh dairy products: low < 0·5, moderate (0·5–1·5) and high > 1·5 times/d.
Frequency of consumption of cheese: low ≤ 0·5, moderate (0·5–1·5) and high > 1·5 times/d.