Table 3.
Summary of findings for non‐photocatalytic polymeric NHMs produced by the PI method combined with other processes for dye reduction.
| No. | Reference and Year | Membrane Materials | Type of Pollution | Type of Membrane | Method | Analysis | Main Findings | Maximum Flux |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | [141] | GO‐based TiO2 nanomaterials (TiO2@RGO) into the TFN. The membrane comprises PAN, Si3N4, and PA | Rose Bengal | NF, Hollow fiber | Functionalized, PI, and IP | FE‐SEM, AFM, XRD, TEM, FTIR, DLS, contact angle, flux, permeability, and antifouling | Solvent channeling (GO), hydrophilicity (amino‐functionalized and TiO2), antifouling properties, structural stability, suitable for polar solvent (ethanol and isopropanol). |
20–100 l/(m2h.MPa) for solvents |
| 6 | [54] | Zwitterionic GO, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and PSF | Reactive Black 5, Reactive Orange 16, Protein | UF, Hollow fiber | DPP and PI | FTIR, XRD, TGA, EDX, FE‐SEM, XPS, TEM, zeta potential, contact angle, pH, flux, pressure, antifouling, resistances, salt and salt/dye mixture | Reactive Black 5 (99%) and Reactive Orange 16 (74%) rejection. Complete NaCl permeation and Na2SO4 less rejection (<5%). |
496 l/(m2h.MPa) |
| 7 | [142] | ZnO nanoparticles‐ Carboxylated Graphene Oxide nanosheets (ZnO/CGO) and PES | Methylene Blue, Rhodamine B | NF, Hollow fiber | Spinning, Physical mixing/ blending, and PI | TEM, XRD, ATR‐FTIR, XPS, SEM, EDX, Zeta potential, TGA, AFM, contact angle, stability, permeability, antifouling, pore size, and porosity | Methylene Blue: 98.6% and Rhodamine B: 98.5%. better hydrophilicity, antifouling, stability, mechanical strength, and surface roughness. |
2689 l/(m2h.MPa) |
| 8 | [135] |
SiO2 nanoparticles in PVDF/RGO@SiO2/PDA |
Methylene Blue, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS)/diesel oil/H2O emulsion | Not mentioned, Not mentioned | PI, Deposition, and Filtration | SEM, AFM, XPS, ATR‐FTIR, TEM, contact angle, TOC, antifouling, contact angle, flux, pH | Low water flux GO‐based membrane using SiO2 between graphene layers, successful oil‐water emulsion and dye wastewater treatment, Dopamine (DA) increased hydrophilicity. |
4755 l/(m2h.MPa) |
| 9 | [143] |
GO and Lithium Chloride (LiCl) blending PVDF (PVDF/GO/LiCl) |
Rhodamine B | UF, Not mentioned | Precipitation, and PI | XRD, Zeta potential, SEM, AFM, FTIR‐ATR, XRD, TEM, dosage, contact angle, pore size, flux, antifouling | Increasing flux, improvement of hydrophilicity, dye removal rates, and flux recovery ratios were over 80% and 78.2%, respectively. | 484‐619 l/(m2h.MPa) |