Fig. 2.

Influence of MgO-NPs exposure on the photosynthetic pigments, fresh biomass, and carbohydrates content in spinach. Graphs showing negative impact of NPs exposure on the chlorophyll a (A), chlorophyll b (B), total chlorophyll (C), carotenoids (D), fresh biomass (E), and carbohydrates (F) accumulation in spinach. MgO-NPs treatment significantly reduced the shoot length of spinach, thus leading to reduction in the amount of photosynthetic pigments. Since the amount of photosynthetic pigments are directly related to the accumulation of fresh biomass and carbohydrates. Therefore, nanopriming considerably reduced the content of biomass as well as carbohydrates. Individual bar represents the mean of three independent measurements. DMRT was applied and different superscript letters on the bars are significantly different at p ≤ 0.05