Fig. 7.

The figure depicts the mechanism of MgO-NPs mediated alteration of spinach morphology and antioxidant system, thus regulating its growth and yield. MgO-NPs mediated inhibition in root elongation limited nutrient uptake leading to reduced shoot length in spinach. The reduced leaf size in nanoprimed plants showed reduced accumulation of photosynthetic pigments. This downregulated the utilization of total absorbed light leading to reduced biomass and carbohydrates content, but increasing the production of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. These MgO-NPs induced changes collectively led to reduction in spinach yield